一．动词的分类。
根据动词的词义和在谓语中的作用，我们可以把动词分为：实义动词（notional verb）、助动词（auxiliary verb）和情态助动词（modal verb）。
1.实义动词的特点：
1．从词义的角度来看，实义动词具备完整的词汇意义；
2．从在谓语中的作用的角度来看，实义动词能单独充当句子的谓语。英语中除了助动词。
和情态动词以外，其他的均为实义动词。
2.助动词be，do，和h**e的特点：
1．从词义的角度来看，助动词不具备词汇意义；
2．从在谓语中的作用的角度来看，助动词不能单独充当句子的谓语，它必须和实义动词连用，以帮助构。
成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问等。
英语中最常用的助动词有三个：be，do和h**e，它们分别具有各种变化形式。如下：
1. be: am, is, are, was, were, been, being does, did done 3. h**e: has, had, h**ing
3.情态助动词（modal verb）的特点：
1.从词义的角度来看，情态动词有其自身的词汇意义，如用来表示可能、建议、愿望、必要、允许、能力、怀疑等等，以表示说话者对某种行为或状态的看法或态度。
从在谓语中的作用的角度来看，与助动词一样，情态动词在句中不能单独作句子的谓语，而必须和实义动词一起构成复合谓语。
英语中的情态动词主要有下列10个：
can/could, may/might, shall/should, will/would, must和had better。
另外还有一些与上述情态动词有关的短语动词：
be able to（与can类似） be going to（与will类似）
ought to, be supposed to（与should类似） h**e to, h**e got to（与must类似）
二．关于句型变化。
1. 否定。
陈述句的否定构成有两种：谓语中含有be 动词或情态动词的，以及谓语是实义动词的。
例： he is a teacher. he is not a teacher. he can swim. he can not swim.
例：i like english. i don’t like englishhe likes english. he doesn’t like english.
i liked english. i didn’t like english.
2.一般疑问句。
一般疑问句的构成有两种：谓语中含有be 动词或情态动词的，以及谓语是实义动词的。
例： he is a teacher. is he a teacher? he can swim. can he not swim?
例：i like english. do you like englishhe likes english. does he like english?
i liked english. did you like english?
特殊疑问句是在一般疑问句的基础上变化而来的，其句式为：“特殊疑问词＋一般疑问句＋？”如果问的是主语或主语的定语时，语序不变，为"特殊疑问词(+主语)+陈述句"。
在英语中，特殊疑问词有who，what，which，when，where，why和how等。
一、对人提问——who
1 1) he can sing in englishwho can sing in english?
2 1) i saw him at the party last night. who did you sec at the party last night?
二、对事物或所做的事情提问——what
3 1) i like englishwhat do you like?
4 1) i am studying english grammar. what are you doing?
5 1) i am studying english grammar. what are you studying?
6 1) i'd like to go swimming tomorrow. what would you like to do tomorrow?
三、对时间提问——when
7 1) i was born in 19802) when were you born?
四、对地点提问——where
8 1) he lives in beijingwhere does he live?
五、对方式提问——how
9 1) he goes to school by bus. how does he go to school?
六、对原因提问——why
10 1) i often study at the library because it's quiet. why do you often study at the library?
一、which
当说话者提供多种选项对象供对方选择时，我们就要用which来提问。此时，which的后面通常要接一名词，意思是“哪一个什么东西”。
1 a: could you lend me your pen?
b: sure. i h**e two pens.
this pen has black ink. that pen has red ink. which pen/which one/which do you want?
a: that red one. thanks.
二、whose
whose的后面必须接名词连用，表示“谁的什么东西”。
2 1) this is his bookwhose book is this?
3 1) i borrowed jack's car last night. whose car did you borrow last night?
how的用法详解。
一、how可以单独使用。
how单独使用时，此时how是对动作的方式进行提问。比如下面的例句是对交通工具提问：
1 a: how do you go to workb1: i drive./by car.
b2: i take a taxi./by taxib3: i take a bus./by bus.
b4: i take a subway./by subway. b5: i walk./on foot.
2 a: how did he break his legb: he fell off the ladder.
二、how还常与形容词或副词连用与形容词连用的例句如下：
3 how old are youhow tall is he?
how big is your new househow far is it from your home to school?
how well does he speak englishhow quickly can you get here?
三、对动作发生的频率提问——how often/how many times...
4 1) i write to my parents once a month. how often do you write to your parents?
5 1) i write to my parents once a month. how many times a month do you write to your parents?
6 1) i go shopping twice a weekhow often do you go shopping?
7 1) i go shopping twice a weekhow many times a week do you go shopping?
其他表示频率的短语还有：
课堂练习】找出下列句中的实义动词、助动词或情态动词。
1．studying english takes time.
2．the first step is always the hardest.
3．the library was built last year.
4．i can't stand the heat.
5．you can le**e the door open.
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