过去完成时态讲解与练习。
定义：过去完成时是表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作、事情。它表示的是发生在“过去的过去”的动作，只有在和过去某个时间或动作相比较的时候才会使用过去完成时。
构成： 基本形式： had + 过去分词。如：
we had reached the top of the hill before midnight.
在半夜之前我们已登上了山顶。
否定形式： had + not + 过去分词。如：
they hadn’t finished the work when we got there.
我们到那儿时，他们还没有完成工作。
一般疑问句形式： had提到句首，回答用yes, 主语 + had. /no, 主语 + hadn’t. 如：
—had he told you to go there earlier yesterday?
他昨天告诉过你早点儿到那儿吗？
—yes, he had. (no, he hadn’t.) 是的，他告诉了。(不，他没有。)
用法：1、用在“after / before / when + 过去时态从句”或有“by+过去时间”的句子中。例如：
by then, by\ before nine o’clock yesterday, by the end of last year, by the age of twenty, by the time i arrived …
mother had already cooked supper before i returned home.
在我回到家前，妈妈已经把饭做好了。
2、在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：when i returned home, my guest had already left.
i did not see the film because i had seen it before.
3、常用在主句为一般过去时的宾语从句中。 如told, said, knew, heard, thought, asked等动词后的宾语从句。例如：
my father asked me if i had finished reading that book. 爸爸问我是否读完那本书了。
she said (that) she had never been to paris.
he asked what i had said.
现在完成时和过去完成时的区别：
现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果， 过去完成时强调对过去的影响或结果。
1. 单项选择。
1．he asked me __during the summer holidays.
a. where i had been b. where i had gone
c. where had i been d. where had i gone
2. what __jane __by the time he was sever?
a. did, do b. has, done c did, did. d. had, done
3. i __900 english words by the time i was ten。
a. learned b. was learning c. had learned d. learnt
4. she __lived here for __years.
a. had, a few b. has, several c. had, a lot of d. has, a great deal of
5. by the time my parents reached home yesterday, i __the dinner already.
a had cooked b. cooked c. h**e cooked d. was cooked
6. she said shethe principle already
a .has seen b. saw c. will see d. had seen
7. she said her family __themselves __the army during the war.
a. has hidden, from b. had hidden, from
c. has hidden, with d. had hidden, with
8. by the time he was ten years old, he
a. has completed university b. has completed the university
b. had completed an university d. had completed university
9. she had written a number of books __the end of last year.
a. for b. in c. by d. at
10. he __to play __before he was 11 years old.
a had learned, piano b. had learned, the piano
c. has learned, the piano d. learns ,piano.
11. what __annie __by the time he was ten?
a. did, do b. did, did c. has, done d. had done
12 .he __in the factory for three years before he joined the army.
a. has worked b. works c. had worked d. will work
13. by the end of last week, they __the bridge.
a. has completed b. completed c. will complete d. had completed
14. ben hates playing __violin, but he likes playing __football.
a. a…the b. the… the c. /the d. the…/
15. by the time he was 4, he __a lot of german words.
a. had learned b. has learned c. learned d. learns
16 .jim turned off the lights and then __the classroom.
a. was left b. had left c. has left d. left
guangzhou since 2000.
a. lived b. had lived c. h**e lived d. were living
18. the train from beijing___ten minutes ago.
a. has arrived b. was arriving c. arrived d. had arrived
19. the studentstheir classroom when the visitors arrived.
a . h**e cleaned b. had cleaned c. was cleaned d. h**e been cleaned
20. fergie___the project in one hour.
a. h**e finished b. will finish c. finishes d. has finished
21. the manhis coat and went out.
a. put on b. had put on c. will put on d. was putting on
22 my mother___in that factory at the age of 18.
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