grammar:定语从句(attributive clauses)
高一英语---语法。
handsome boys=the boys who are handsome
beautiful flowers=the flowers which are beautiful
定义： 定语从句(attributive clauses)：由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词和代词，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词可分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that)和关系副词(when, where, why) 关系词都充当从句的某个成分，它所替代的相应成分应省去。在定语从句中，当who, which, that作主语时，谓语的单复数应与先行词保持一致。
关系词常有3个作用：①引导定语从句。②代替先行词。
③在定语从句中担当一个成分。
定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不如限制性定语从句与先行词的关系紧密，没有它，主句的意思也清楚，因此用逗号隔开。关系词在非限制性定语从句中的用法与在限制性定语从句中的用法基本一样。
一．关系代词以及基本用法。
注意一：1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when where和 why互换。where = in/at + which
when=in/on/at/during + which why = for which
whose=of which/whom+the+物/人=the+物/人+of which/whom
例如：1. this is the house in which i lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
this is the house where i lived two years ago.
2. do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
do you remember the day when you joined our club？
3. the tourists, of whom the eldest is 70 (the eldest of whom is 70), are from singapore.
i saw three films this month, two of which were very interesting.
the reason (which/that) he’s absent from the meeting for is not clear.
the reason for which /why he’s absent from the meeting is not clear.
4） whom在定语从句中只指人，做宾语，可用who或that代替，也可以省略但后边的介词提前时，只用whom例如：
do you know the man (whom/who/that) the teacher is talking to?
do you know the man to whom the teacher is talking?
she is the person (whom/who/that) you should turn to for help.
she is the person to whom you should turn for help
5) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语)
1) they rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
2) please pass me the book whose cover (=of which the cover) is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
6).先行词有下列词修饰时只能用as引导定语从句， 如：as...as；so...as；such...as；the same+ 名词+as。
you can buy as many books as you want in this bookstore. (as作want的宾语)
such computers as are used in our office are made in south korea.(as作定语从句的主语)
this jewel is the same one as i showed you the other day. (as作showed的直接宾语)
this jewel is the same one that i showed you the other day.(that作showed的直接宾语）
请注意“the same + 名词 + as”与“the same + 名词 + that”的区别。
(1) she wore the same dress that she wore at mary’s wedding.
她穿着她在mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
2) she wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分。
3)he has such a good laptop as i want to buy.
4)he has such a good laptop that i want to buy one.
7). 先行词有比较级修饰时用than；先行词有否定词修饰时用but，表示双重否定，此时的but = who/which/that...not...
my mother always gives me more money than is needed.(than作定语从句主语)
this year, the farmers h**e harvested more grain than was expected. (than作定语从句主语)
there is not a student but wants to go to university.
there is not a student who/that doesn’t want to go to university.(but作定语从句主语)
练习。选择正确的关系代词填入题目中的空白处。(that which who whose whom )
1..do you see the bridgewas built last year
2...the nursewe talked about can speak english well.
3...the old gentlemanyou met just now is a famous writer.
4...the girl to __i lent my bike works in a hospital.
5...she was the br**e girlname is known to everybody.
注意二：that和which虽然都能指物，但是在某些情况下，只能用that指物而不用which
1） 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，例如：
this is the most interesting movie that i h**e ever seen.（作宾语可省略）
this is the most beautiful park that we h**e visited.
2）先行词被the very，the only the same, the last等修饰时，例如：
this is the very book that i'm looking for.（作宾语，可省略）
the only thing that she could do was to wait patiently.（作宾语，可省略）
3）先行词被序数词修饰时，例如：
the first thing that we do in the morning is to clean the classroom.（作宾语，可省略）
this is the third largest city that was founded in the 1980s.（作主语）
4）当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时。
h**e you taken down everything (that) mr. li has said?
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