一、概念： he is the boy who often goes to school late.
先行词关系词定语从句。
二、关系词：关系代词that, which, who (whom, whose)
关系副词where, when, why
三、关系代词引导的定语从句：
一般情况下，当先行词指人时，用that, who或whom引导。
当先行词指物时，只能用which
只用that 不用which：
1.先行词为形容词最高级所修饰： this is the longest bridge that i h**e ever seen.
2.先行词为序数词所修饰：this is the first composition that he has ever written in english.
3.先行词有人有物：they talked of things and persons that happened in the school.
4.主句是who或which开头的特殊疑问句中的定语从句。
who is the man that came this morning?
which is the bag that you lost?
5.先行词为the only, the very, the last, the same所修饰的定语从句。
he is the very person that the police are looking for.
this is the only thing that i can remember.
6.先行词是everything, nothing, something, all, little, much, everybody等不定代词。
tell us everything that you know, please.
is there anything that you don’t understand?
7.先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much修饰时。
all that glitters is not gold.
i’ve read all the books that you g**e me.
只用which 不用that：
1. 关系代词前有介词时：
this is the house in which tom once lived. 这是汤姆曾经住过的房子。
2. 在非限定性定语从句(常用，与主句隔开，如果去掉逗号，整个句子仍能表达完整的意义)
they are talking about the tv play, which they saw last night.
注意：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。
the man who lives downstairs speaks english well.
the students who are in grade three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。
mrs. smith (whom) you met yesterday is a friend of mine.
this is the book (which) you are looking for.
there are some films (that) i’d like to see.
口语中作为宾语的关系代词whom也可用who，且也可以省略。
the man (whom / who) you were talking about has come to our school.
关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom, which之前（不可放在that之前）
the man (whom) i borrowed the book from is li lei.
the man from whom i borrowed the book is li lei.
the house (which) he lives in is quite large。→ the house in which he lives is quite large.
应注意，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可省略。
若定语从句中谓语动词是固定搭配的词组，则其后的介词或副词不可前移至关系代词之前。
the dictionary which you are looking for is on the desk. 你在寻找的那本词典在桌子上。
the sick man whom she is taking care of is her farther. 她在照顾的病人是她父亲。
whose: 谁的表示所属关系后面紧跟名词可指人指物。
do you know the girl whose name is lily?
指物时，whose= of which
the novel whose title is red and black is intersting= the title of which
四、关系副词引导的定语从句：
当引导词在句中作状语时，应用适当的关系副词。
表示时间用when，表示地点用where，表示原因用why。=“介词 + 关系代词”形式。
定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用。
in the dark street, there wasn't a single personshe could turn for help.
a. that b. who c. from whom d. to whom
构成固定短语"turn to sb. for help (向某人求助）" d
the hotel where/at which the visitors are staying is very expensive.
辨析关系代词？关系副词：主要看后面的谓语动词可否直接连先行词，或者说缺不缺成分。
1. is this the farm they visited the day before yesterday? that
2. this is the house __i lived last year. where
3. i shall never forget those days __i lived in the army with the soldiers , has a great
effect on my life. ;which that
why: 引导限定性定语从句修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语。
idon’tknowthereasonwhyhecamesolate.我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。
thatisthereasonwhyidon’twanttogo.那就是我不想去的理由。
the reason why+ 主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(why 作状语)
the reson that+ 主语+ 谓语(that作宾语)
the teacher can't accept the reason that he explained
that is the reason that he can't say.
that is the reason why he can't say it
五．asas 作为关系代词， 习惯上用于下列词组： the same...as such ..as as ..as， so…as
1. take as many books as you want.
2. here is so big a stone as no man can lift.
3. he read such books as will make him wiser.
4. the town is about the same distance from nanjing as yangzhou is.
as 用于非限制性定语从句，常见以下句型：
as you know, as we h**e seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see, as was expected, as we can imagine, as has been pointed out
六、关系代词what和that, which的区别：
he told us the things that he had seen. -he told us what he had seen.
this is the words which i said> this is what i said.
可以看出what 实际上等于是 “the thing that(which)”,即 “先行词+关系词”.
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