2014高考英语宏志优化设计系列语法:牛津译林版专题10(数词和主谓一致讲解)
语法专题十数词和主谓一致。
一、数词。数词分为两种:基数词(表示数目)和序数词(表示顺序)。
考点一 dozen与score的用法。
1.dozen(一打,十二),score(二十)与具体数词或与many,several 等连用时,后不加s,所修饰的名词前常省去of。如:two dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋,many dozen pencils好多打铅笔;dozen,score的复数形式后接of时,表示“许多”,是概数。
如:dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋,scores of pencils几十支铅笔。此外,有“数词+score+of+名词”这种用法。
如:two score of eggs 40个鸡蛋,three score of people 60个人。
2.当所修饰的名词之前有限定词these,those,my,your等或是修饰人称代词宾格them,us,you时,这时需要加of。如:two dozen of these pens,three score of them。
考点二分数的表达法。
分子用基数词,分母用序数词,若分子大于1,则分母用复数。如:onefourth(a quarter)1/4 twofifths 2/5
twothirds of the money was spent on food.
考点三年龄的表达法。
表示某人的确切年龄,用“基数词+years old”或者“at the age of+基数词”,也可直接用基数词;表示某人几十多岁时,用“in one's+逢十的基数词的复数(如tens,twenties,thirties等)”来表达。
she is still in her twenties.她才二十几岁。
考点四年代的表达法。
表示“几十年代”时,在阿拉伯数字后加s或's。
my grandpa was born in 1910's.
二、主谓一致。
谓语动词的数必须和主语的人称和数保持一致,这就叫主谓一致。在判定一个句子主谓语是否一致时,要遵循下列三个原则:语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。
“语法一致”也就是平常说的从语法形式上取得一致,即主语为单数形式,谓语动词也采用单数形式;主语为复数形式,谓语动词亦为复数形式。“意义一致”就是从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致问题。主语形式为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词依意义而定,也采用复数形式。
“就近一致”是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和与其最近的主语保持一致。
考点一谓语动词用单数的情况。
1.主语为表示时间、距离、金钱、度量、容量、书名等整体概念的名词时。
ten miles is not a long way for me.
2.由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语,前面由不定代词every/each/no修饰时。
every student and every teacher is in the classroom.
3.and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念,因而两个名词共用一个冠词时。
the writer and artist has come.
bread and butter is her f**ourite food.
4.the number of+复数名词作主语时。
the number of professors present at the meeting is 1800.
5.动名词(短语)、不定式、从句等作主语时。
what he said is very important for us all.
6.one and a half+复数名词;more than one+单数名词;many a+单数名词作主语时。
more than one student has gone to beijing.
7.“the+形容词”表示一类抽象的事物,谓语动词用单数。
the new is sure to replace the old.
考点二谓语动词用复数的情况。
1.有些集合名词,如:clothes,cattle,folk,people,police,poultry(家禽)等作主语,后面的谓语动词多用复数形式。
the police are searching for the murderer.
2.“the+形容词或分词”表示某一类人时动词用复数。
the old are living a happy life now.
3.由and或both...and...连接两个单数名词作主语时,指的是复数概念,谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。
both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.
考点三谓语动词单复数视情况而定。
1.集合名词如:group,family,class,government,team,public,enemy,crowd,audience,club,party,crew等作主语时,如果看成一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式,如果侧重其成员,谓语动词用复数形式。
the family which is not big like watching football games.
2.主语是单复数同形的名词如:deer,sheep,fish,series,species,means,works,aircraft等时,视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数。
a new means has been used by our government.
many means h**e not come into effect.
3.代词none,neither,all等作主语,谓语动词的单复数取决于所指代的内容。
all our hope has gone.
all the students h**e come on time.
4.population表示“人口”,即一个国家或地区的居民数目,它作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时,population是指一个国家或地区的全体居民,它作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数形式。
the population of canada is about 29 million.
eighty percent of the population in this country are farmers.
考点四 “名词(或代词)+介词短语”作主语时的主谓一致。
1.有时主语与谓语动词之间插入一个介词短语,该短语对谓语动词不产生影响。
the danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.
2.当主语后面跟有with,together with,along with,accompanied by,like,in addition to,as well as,as much as,more than,rather than,no less than,except,but,besides,including等连接的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数要与它们前面的主语取得一致。
the singer together with his agent has arrived.
考点五 “名词(或代词)+of+名词”作主语时的主谓一致。
1.由“some,plenty,a lot,lots,most,the rest,all,half,part或分数、百分数+of+名词”等短语作主语时,谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。一般来说,如果of后面所接名词为复数形式,谓语动词为复数;如果of后面所接名词为单数形式或不可数名词,谓语就用单数形式。
about one third of the books are well worth reading.
over 30% of the work has been finished.
2.由“a kind of,this kind of,many kinds of”和“名词+of this kind”等,以及type,sort,part, piece,section,pair等构成的同类型短语作主语时,谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。
this kind of animals is dangerous.
animals of this kind are dangerous.
3.“a large amount of+不可数名词”作主语,谓语用单数。
large amounts of+不可数名词”作主语,谓语用复数。
a large quantity of+不可数名词”作主语,谓语用单数。
a large quantity of+复数名词”作主语,谓语用复数。
large quantities of+不可数名词/复数名词”作主语,谓语用复数。
a good/great deal of+不可数名词”作主语,谓语用单数。
vast amounts of money are being invested in the local market.
考点六就近原则。
1.由or,either...or,neither...nor,not only...
but also...等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时,采用就近一致原则,即谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
not only his family but also he likes chaplin's movies.
are either you or your brother going to the party?
2.there be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。
there are some envelopes and ***** for you.
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