英语基本句型及主要句子成分

发布 2021-04-27 17:23:28 阅读 5315

一、英语句子概说。

句子是表达一个完整思想的基本语言单位。

它由单词按照一定的语法规律构成。

一般地说,它必须包含两个部分:

叙述的主体---句子的主语关于主体所叙述的事情---句子的谓语。

句子的种类。

按权威专家的观点,英语句子可从两种标准划分。一是按句子结构;二是依照叙述方式划分。按照结构区分,英语句子可分为三类:

简单句(****** sentences)

并列句(compound sentences)

复合句(complex sentences)

简单句(****** sentences)

只包含一个主谓结构。

mary opened the door.

有时主语和谓语可能是并列结构,分别叫并列主语和并列谓语。

jane and peter got lost in the woods.(并列主语)

i opened the magazine and began to read it quietly.(并列谓语)

并列句(compound sentences)

把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来,则成为一个并列句。

he drank beer, and it made him fat.

he speaks french, or perhaps he understands it.

i waited but he never turned up.

we rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it.

复合句(complex sentences)

由主句+从句构成,主句与从句由关系词连接起来。

主句与从句之间的关系就是,从句是主句的成分,从句可能是主语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语或者状语。

因此从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。

do you see what i mean?(宾语由从句担任)

come again when youre free.(状语由从句担任)

the boy who is wearing a blue jacket is my brother.(定语由从句担任)

my idea is that we should help him.(表语由从句担任)

that prices will go up is certain. (主语由从句担任)

句子按叙述的方式可分为下面四种类型:

陈述句: i like music.

疑问句: where do you live?

感叹句: how fast they are running!

祈使句: dont drink and drive.

二、句子成分分析。

在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。句子成分由词或词组充当。

汉语:现代汉语里一般的句子成分有八种,即主语、谓语、宾语、动语,定语、状语,补语和中心语。

英语:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、宾语补足语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种。

主语(the subject)是全句谈论的中心话题。

1. mr. chen is a well-known scientist.

2. he works very hard at school.

3. to go to a good university is his first goal.

4. doing morning exercise is good for your health.

she saw made her a little frightened.

动词不能充当句子的主语!

谓语(the predicate)

谓语回答主语做什么,怎么了,位于主语后,谓语动词包括不及物动词、及物动词和系动词。

谓语必须由动词构成,有时只包含一个动词,有时候可包含几个词(如情态动词+动词,助动词+动词),并且有时态和语态的变化。

1. we love china.

2. she runs fast.

3. he can speak english.

4. she looks tired.

h**e finished reading this book.

game has been cancelled.

切记:句子不能没有谓语!!!

谓语必须由动词构成!!

非谓语动词如不定式,现在分词,过去分词不能充当谓语。

宾语(the object)

宾语是动作的对象,目标;位于及物动词之后。

1. she is doing her homework now.

2. we love watching football games.

managed to put the fire out.

dont understand what you mean.

宾语可以分为直接宾语、间接宾语和复合宾语。

直接宾语是动作直接指向的对象,间接宾语表示动作是向某人或为某人做的。

he brings me cookies every day.

she bought him a new tie.

间宾通常为人,直宾通常为物。

复合宾语由宾语+宾语补足语构成。

宾语和宾语补足语之间是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。若无宾语补足语,则句意不够完整。

the sun keeps us warm.

i heard him singing.

i asked him to come back soon.

you must get your hair cut.

they made tom monitor.

表语(the predicative)

表语主要用以说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等,位于系动词之后,与系动词一起构成系表结构。

系动词(link-verbs)有:

1.表示特征和存在状态的: be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;

2.表示状态延续的: remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;

3.表示状态变化的: become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;

the boy is tom.

the dish smells good.

is helen in?

the workers were on strike.

my aunt’s hobby is growing roses.

your job is to take care of the baby.

my opinion is that the plan won’t work.

表语不能由动词充当!

my job is repair cars. (

my job is repairing cars.(√

定语(the attribute)

定语用来说明名词的性质特点,分为前置定语和后置定语。

1. the black bike is mine.

2. she is a chemistry teacher.

3. help yourself to some fish.

4. there are twenty students in our class.

5. the man in blue is my brother.

6. the girl playing the piano is my younger sister.

7. the lady who is wearing red dress is our new teacher.

状语(the adverbial)

状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、 副词或句子的句子成分,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式、范围和程度等。副词的主要功能就是在句中做状语。

1. we often help him.

2. dont drive so fast.

3. youre entirely wrong.

4. he beh**ed extremely badly.

5. her mother goes out to do some shopping on sunday.

6. when i grow up, i want to be a doctor.

7. we live in hangzhou.

此外,还有同位语,插入语和呼语。

mr. smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.

he told me that his brother john is a world-famous doctor.

some animals only half-hibernate, that is to say, their sleep is not such a deep one.

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