transformation of basic sentence patterns(基本句型转换)
一transformation of interrogative form (疑问形式的转换)
疑问形式主要有四种：
1． 一般疑问形式：陈述语气的各种句型都可改变语序而成为一般疑问句，如果句中有 be,
h**e 或助动词，则直接把 be, h**e 或助动词提到主语之前；如没有 be, h**e 或助。
动词，则在主语之前加上 do / does / did 构成，谓语动词用原形，如：
he is a doctor. is he a doctor?
they work very hard. do they work very hard?
2． 特殊疑问形式：一般以疑问词（疑问代词或疑问副词）开始，其语序有两种：
a. 对主语或主语修饰语提问时，与陈述句的语序相同，如：
she is a teacher. who is a teacher?
many children are playing there. how many children are playing there?
b. 对主语和主语修饰语以外的其它成分提问时，用倒装语序，即"疑问词+一般疑问句"语序，如：
he is a lawyer. what is he?
he studies english. what does he study?
3． 选择疑问形式：既可用一般问句，也可用特殊疑问形式。它总含有 or 连接的并列结构，朗读时 or 前用升调，句末用降调，如：
shall we walk there or go there by bus?
are you ready or not?
where shall we meet, at the school gate or at the station?
4． 附加疑问形式：主要有以下几种情况：
a. 肯定的陈述句+否定的附加问句，如：
she told you the news, didn't she?
b. 否定的陈述句+肯定的附加问句，如：
he doesn't like coffee, does he?
c. 祈使句后的附加问句中用 won't you 表示邀请；用 will you / would you /can you
/ can't you / could you 表示告诉对方该做什么事。在以 let's 开头的句后，如果 us
包括听话人在内，附加部分用 shall we；不包括听话人在内，附加部分则用 will
you，如：
do sit down, won't you?
do me a f**or, will you?
let's go, shall we?
let us h**e a look at your book, will you?
d. 若陈述部分的主语是 somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, anyone,
nobody 等词，其附加疑问句的主语在英国英语中常用 they，在美国英语中常用
he，如：anyone can do that, can't they? （英国英语）
anyone can do that, can't he? （美国英语）
e. 当陈述部分有 everything, nothing, this, that 时，疑问部分主语常用 it，如：
everything goes well, doesn't it?
that's wonderful, isn't it?
f. 当陈述部分有 seldom, hardly, never, few, little, nothing, too...to 等否定词或否定。
意思的结构时，附加部分用肯定形式，如：
there is little water left, is there?
he was too nervous to answer this question, was he?
g. 若陈述部分的否定词是带有否定意义的前缀，那么附加部分仍用否定形式，如：
he was unhappy, wasn't he?
h. 当陈述部分有谓语动词 h**e 时，若 h**e 表示"有"，附加疑问部分可用 h**e，也可用 do；若不表示"有"，则附加部分用do / does / did，如：
he has a dictionary, hasn't (doesn't) he?
you had a good time, didn't you?
i. 陈述部分有 had better，附加部分用 hadn't；陈述部分有 would rather 或 would
like 时，附加部分用 wouldn't，如：
he'd like to go with you, wouldn't he?
you'd better go now, hadn't you?
j. 当 must 表示"必须"时，疑问部分的谓语用mustn't；表示"推测"时，疑问部。
分的谓语应根据句意来选择其相应动词的助动词，如：
he must go home right now, mustn't he?
she must h**e waited here for a long time, hasn't she?
he must be very happy, isn't he?
k. 若陈述部分是一个主从复合句，附加部分一般与主句的主谓语保持对应关系；若陈。
述部分的主句是 i suppose, i think, i believe 等时，附加疑问部分应与从句主、谓。
语保持一致；若陈述句是 i'm ..时，附加疑问句通常用 aren't i?，正式文体中用
am i not?，如：
she says that i did it, doesn't she?
i don't think she cares, does she?
i am supposed to be here, aren't i (am i not)?
二transformation of negative form (否定形式的转换)
1. 否定陈述句形式：
a. 谓语是特殊动词 be，h**e，助动词或情态动词等，或含有特殊动词时，直接在特。
殊动词后加 not 构成，如：
mr. smith is not a lawyer.
she hasn't much money left.
my sister will not come here this summer vacation.
b. 谓语是普通动词时，则在谓语动词前加助动词 do (does, did)，然后加 not 构成，如：
this coat doesn't fit me.
c. 含有两个以上特殊动词时，则在第一个后加 not 构成；但注意一些半助动词的否。
定形式是 had better not, had rather not, had sooner not，如：
you should not h**e told him.
you'd better not go out today.
d. 在回答 will he go with us tomorrow? 这类句子时，可以说 i think (believe, expect, suppose, fear, am afraid, should say, etc.
) not，这里的 not 代替从句 that he will not go with us tomorrow 在句中作宾语，通常不把它看成谓语动词的否定形式。
2． 否定疑问句形式：通常是把 not 放在主语后构成，但口语里通常放在主语前和特殊动。
词构成缩略式，如：
can he not make a decision? /can't he make a decision?
did he not go there? /didn't he go there?
3． 祈使句否定形式：don't (never) +不带 to 的不定式；带 let 的祈使句，直接用 not 等。
否定词构成，如：
don't be so careless.
don't switch off the light.
never tell a lie.
let's not do what is wrong.
三transformation of passive form (被动形式的转换)
英语基本句型中，只有 s+v+o, s+v+o+co, s+v+oi+od, 三种句型可转换成被动形式。
1． s + v + o 转换成被动形式：
a. 将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语；谓语动词变为被动语态；然后在谓。
语动词的被动语态后加 by，再将主动结构中的主语置于介词 by 之后（若为人称代。
词，须将其主格变为宾格；若被动结构中的 by 短语没必要指出，则可省去），如：
the teacher has not correct the homework.
→the homework has not been corrected by the teacher.
i wrote that letter last night.
→that letter was written (by me) last night.
b. 如果宾语是 that 从句，变为被动形式时可用 it 作被动句的形式主语，或把主动。
句中宾语从句的主语变为被动句的主语，宾语从句中的谓语部分变为不定式短语，如：
they know that he is a famous scientist.
→it is known that he is a famous scientist.
→he is known to be a famous scientist.
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