动词的时态 (tenses )
1. 一般现在时： (****** present)
1) 动词形式： am, is, are; do, does
2) 用法： a. 身份、性质，状态；b. 经常、反复； c.客观事实、真理。
eg. it is generally agreed that smoking is harmful to your health.
he normally goes to bed early, but he stayed up late last night.
注： a.在时间或条件状语从句中，主句为一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时：
eg. whenyoucomenexttime,i’llshowyouaroundourcampus.
as soon as the snow stops, the children are going to go outside and play.
if (as long as) you keep on ****** efforts, you will succeed in the end.
b. begin, close, arrive, come, open…一般现在时可表示计划，安排好的事情：
eg. what time does the plane arrive in new york?
the press conference opens at nine o’clock tomorrow morning.
c. 在see (to it ) that…; make sure that…等句型中，that从句用一般现在时：
see (to it ) that these parcels are sent to the post office before two this afternoon.
2.一般过去时：(****** past)
1) 动词形式： was, were; worked, did （过去式）
2) 用法： 表示过去所发生的动作或存在的状态。
eg. alexander bell invented the telephone in 1878.
when we were at college we often did lab work together.
there used to be many big trees on the hill, but the villagers h**e cut them down.
3. 一般将来时： (****** future)
1) 动词形式： will/shall+do; am/is/are going to do; am/is/are(about)to do,am/is/are+ moving ( going, coming, arriving, le**ing)
2) 用法：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
eg. we shall h**e our examination on april 12.
the engineer will present his invention to the public next week.
more people are going to buy electrically powered cars.
heistoreturnfromgermanynext week.
we were just about to go out when it began to snow.
my brother is le**ing for japan this evening
4.过去将来时： (past future)
1) 动词形式： should/would+do; was/were（about）to+do;
was/were+doing
2) 用法： 表示过去将要，或预计将要发生的动作。
eg. he hoped that he would h**e the opportunity to visit china in the near future.
iwasabouttole**ewhenthetelephonerang.
heaskedmewhetheriwasle**ingforjapan.
whenever we had trouble, he would come to help us.
5.现在进行时： (present progressive) 1) 动词形式：am/is/are+ doing
2) 用法： a. 表示此时此刻或现阶段正在发生的动作；
b. expressing future time (move, le**e, come…) see:4—2);
c. 与always, continuously等状语连用，表示经常发生，或不满，抱怨等：
eg. the students are preparing for the university entrance exam at present.
he is always complaining about the food.
6. 过去进行时： (past progressive) 1) 动词形式：was/were+ doing
2) 用法： a..表示过去某时正在发生的动作。b. go, come, le**e，start, begin等的过去进行时表示过去预计的某些事情即将发生。
eg. i was writing my term pape in the library this time yesterday.
she was told that the plane was taking off in a quarter.
7. 将来进行时： (future progressive) 1) 动词形式：shall/will+ be +doing
2) 用法： 表示将来某时可能正在发生的动作， 或表示安排好的事。
eg. what will you be doing this time tomorrow?
he will be working as an engineer in a company this time next year.
8. 现在完成时：(present perfect) 1) 动词形式：h**e/has+ done(worked)
2) 用法： a: 常用的时间状语：already, ever, yet, up to now, so far, in the past few days
b: for , since等； since从句中的谓语动词用过去时。
eg. maryhas(already)gonetocanada together with her husband
theyh**estudiedenglishforabouttenyears (since they went to middle school).
9.过去完成时： (past perfect) 1) 动词形式：had+ done (worked)
2) 用法： a.表示到过去某时刻或某一行为发生之前已完成的动作，by或bythetime+过去的时间等结构连用。
eg. thefilmhadbegunwhenwearrivedatthecinema.
bytheendoflastyear,the corporation hadproduced 20 airplanes.
he had worked in a company for two years before he went to college.
that was the third time that he had visited the city in a year.
b. hope, intend, want, expect 的过去完成时形式＋to do表示过去未曾实现的希望，打算，意图等。
eg. i had wanted to help you with english but i had no time then.
i had intended to call on my teacher yesterday, but some one came to see me just when i was about to le**e.
c. 用于no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when…等句型中，这些词在句首时，主句要倒装。
she had hardly got on the bus when it began to rain.=hardly had she got on…
no sooner had he entered the classroom than the bell rang.
10.将来完成时： (future perfect) 1) 动词形式： shall/will h**e+ done(worked)
2) 用法：表示将来某时刻或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作，常和by或bythetime+将来的时间等结构连用。
eg. weshallh**efinishedour english classesbytheendofthismonth.
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