非谓语动词。
分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容和副词的句法功能。
它分为现在分词和过去分词两类。
现在分词和过去分词的主要差别在于现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词则只有一般式。
现在分词表动作正在进行，表主动。过去分词及物动词表动作已经完成，表被动。
过去分词不及物动词表动作已经完成，表主动。
分词使用中的几个问题。
1、现在分词的完成式。
h**ing cleaned the room, i went out.
2、现在分词的否定式
not h**ing received any letter, he felt a little worried.
3、现在分词与过去分词的不同。
现在分词表示主动、正在，过去分词表示被动、完成。
i found the man killed there.
i found the man standing there.
4、h**e结构。
we h**e the car repaired.
we h**e repaired the car.
we h**e tom repair the car.
we h**e tom repairing the car the whole morning.
5、分词作表语。
we were excited at the news.
the football game is exciting.
6、独立主格结构。
it being a fine day, we went out to visit the park.
ii． 例题。
例1、time___i'll go on a picnic with you.
a. permit b. to permit c. permitted d. permitting
解析：该题答案为d。 time permitting…是独立主格结构，意为"如果时间允许的话…"
例2、__if he had any bad habit, she replied that he was a he**y smoker.
a. ask b. to ask c. asked d. asking
解析：该题答案为c。主语she是被问。
情态动词与助动词
i． 要点。
助动词本身无意义，在句中帮助主要动词构成一定的时态，语态、语气，或是帮助构成否定句和疑问句，常用的助动词有。
be, do, h**e, shall(should), will(would).
情态动词表一定的词义，本身并不表示动作或状态，而仅仅表达说话人的态度，它在句中须和主要动词一起构成谓语，主要的情态动词有can(could), may (might), must, h**e to, ought to, need, dare, shall, should, will, would.
1、can 能，可以，表说话人同意，许可还可表客观条件许可，如：you can go now.
提建议或请求时可用can i, can you表客气，如can i buy you a drink?
can和be able to表能力时的区别。
can表一般具有的能力，be able to表在特定条件下的能力，如：although the driver was badly hurt, he was able to explain what had happened.
2、may1）可以，表说话人同意，许可或请求对方许可。you may go.
2）（现在和将来）可能，也许，只用于肯定句和否定句中，如he may not be right.
3、must, h**e to
must表主观上的必须，h**e to表客观上的必须，如：it's getting late. i h**e to go.
-must i go now. -yes, you must.
no, you needn't./ no, you don't h**e to.)
4、need, dare这二词有实意动词和情态动词两种词性，如用作实意动词后接动词不定式to do，如用作情态动词后接动词原形。need i go now? -yes, you must.
/no, you needn't.)
5、shall用于第一人称疑问句中表说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请求，如，shall we begin our lesson?
用于。二、三人称陈述句，表说话人命令、警告、允诺、威胁等口吻，如： you shall fail if you don't work harder.
6、should表应该，意为有责任，有义务。
如：we should try our best to make our country more beautiful.
7、will表有做某事的意志、意愿、安心、打算，如 "will you lend me your book?" yes, i will."，8、should h**e done表应该做而未做。
must h**e done表对过去事实的肯定推测。
could h**e done表本可以做某事。
9、判断句：肯定句用must, 否定句用can't, 不太肯定用may, might
he must be in the office now.
he must h**e gone to bed, for the light is out.
he can't be in the office. he is at home.
he couldn't h**e cleaned the classroom, because he didn't come here today.
he might be in the office, i am not sure.
he might h**e cleaned the room, i suppose.
句子种类。i． 要点。
句子按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；按结构又分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
1、陈述句的否定。
1） 在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词是think, expect, believe, suppose,
guess, fancy, imagine等，且主句主语是第一人称时，宾语从句谓语的否定习惯上要移到主句谓语上，如： i don't think he is right.
2） 含有否定意义的副词never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely的句子应视为否定句，如： i h**e never been there before.
2、反意疑问句。
1） need和dare 既可作情态动词，又可作实意动词，在反问部分须加以区别，如we needn't le**e, need we?
we don't need to le**e, do we?
2） 陈述部分出现否定意义的副词或代词如never, seldom, few, hardly, little等时，反问部分须用肯定形式如： he seldom comes, does he?
3） 陈述部分用不定代词作主语时，反问部分的主语用it ，如：nothing can stop me, can it?
陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone，等作主语时，反问部分常用it，有时也用they，如：everybody knows that, don't they?
4） 陈述部分包括used to 时，反问部分可有两种形式，如： you used to get up early, usedn't (didn't) you?
5） 陈述部分是"there + be"结构时，反问部分用there，如：there's something wrong with you,
isn't there?
6） 陈述部分是含有宾语从句的主从复合句时，反问部分的主语和谓语应和主句保持一致，如： he never told others what he thought, did he?
但，如果是i think , i believe等 +宾语从句时，反问部分须和从句的动词保持一致，如，i don't think he is right, is he?
i don't believe he does that, does he?
3、感叹句。
用what或how,
what a beautiful park it is.
how beautiful a park it is.
how beautiful the park is.
how we worked!
4、祈使句。
take care!
don't stand there.
please open the door for the old lady.
ii．例题。
例1，don't forget to post the letter
a. will you b. do you c. won't you d. shall you
解析：该题答案为a， 在否定句、祈使句后只用"will you"?，但肯定的祈使句后可用如，wait for me, will (won't, can, can't, could) you?
例2，let's go out for a walk
a. will you b. won't you c. shall we d. do we
解析：该题答案为c，let's…后加上shall we来表语气婉转、客气，而在let us后加上will you。
例3，he hardly writes to you
a. doesn't he b. does he c. do they d. has he
解析：该题答案为b，hardly否定副词，反问部分要用肯定形式。
各种从句。i．要点。
根据从句在句中的句法功能，从句可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。
1、 名词性从句。
1） 主语从句。
what he wants is a piece of *****.
it is believed that he can solve the problem.
注：主语从句的谓语动词用单数。
2）宾语从句。
i don't know how to solve the problem.
do you know where he lives?
3）表语从句。
the problem is who can help me.
this is why i came here.
4）同位语从句。
i h**e no idea where he went.
i heard the news that he would come.
同位语从句用that引导，常跟在fact, idea, news, promise, thought, message, hope, belief, doubt等词后，that在从句中不作任何成分。
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