unit 1
一、 词组和短语。
1、on television 电视**的。
你看电视转播的篮球比赛吗。
他就要上电视了。
2、at the age of 在……岁时。
他27岁时成为医生。
3、at a price 付代价（cameataprice=came after much hard work）
朗朗付出了很大的努力才取得成功。
4、be strict with sb 对某人要求严格。
教师应该对学生严格要求。
你的父母对你要求严格吗。
5、in place of 代替。
没有人能取代父母的地位。
今天的早餐我们用牛奶代替了橙汁。
6、lead to 使发生；导致。
有时候，一件坏事会引起好的结果。
请问这条路通向火车站吗。
7、protect…from … 保护……以免……
他带着太阳眼镜以免眼睛受阳光的伤害。
我们应该保护河流让他们远离污染。
8、set up 建立；创建。
他在18岁时建立了一家公司。
她在广州开了一家书店。
9、s**e up 储蓄；攒钱。
我应该蓄钱买房子吗。
请节约用电。
10、be equal to 与……平等。
黑人应该与白人一样平等。
二、 语法——现在完成时。
1、 现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如：he has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：
this morning ／ month ／year...today等)连用。
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
例如：he has lived here since 1978.自从2023年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于2023年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
i h**e been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。
注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：
come，go，arrive，le**e，join，become，die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型：
①主语＋h**e / has been＋for短语
②it is(has been )＋一段时间＋ since从句
例如：he has been in the league for three years.或it is three years since he joined the league.
他入团已三年了。
3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念。
英语中，动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短，可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。
延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, h**e, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。
终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词，表示不能延续的动作，这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, le**e, move, borrow,buy等。
4、延续性动词的用法特征。
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有：
for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如：i h**e learned english since i came here.
自从我来到这儿就学英语了。
2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如：
it raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词，而at eight表示"点时间"，前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作，可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。
上句可改为：it began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如：
when did you get to know jack? -two years ago.
then you've known each other for more than two years. -that's right.
5、终止性动词的用法特征。
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成，因此可用于现在完成时。如：
the train has arrived.火车到了。
h**e you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗？
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂，不能持续。因此，不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如：
1)他死了三年了。 误：he has died for three years.
正：he has been dead for three years. 正：he died three years ago.
正：it is three years since he died. 正：three years has passed since he died.
2)他来这儿五天了。误：he has come here for five days.
正：he has been here for five days. 正：he came here five days ago.
正：it is five days since he came here. 正：five days has passed since he came here.
(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词，不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么，应如何正确表达呢？可以采用下面的四种方法：
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词，如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例：le**e→be away, borrow→keep, buy→h**e, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.
→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→h**e a cold。
6、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别。
1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情，不强调对"现在"产生的影响。
如：he visited guilin in 1998.他2023年参观过桂林。
(只说明去桂林的时间)
2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，对现在造成影响或产生结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如：
jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)
3. 两种时态的区分。
1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式，而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词h**e /has +过去分词"。如：the film started at 7 o’clock.
he has been a teacher for many years.
2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等；而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since...
for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。
练习。1. kate's never seen chinese films，__
a. hasn't she b. has she c. isn't she d. is she
uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)
his uncle __posted the photos to him __
has gone to shanghai. -so __her parents.
a. has b. had c. did d. h**e
may i go out and play basketballyou___your homework yet?
a. do; finish b. are; finishing c. did; finish d. h**e; finished
brother has been to stone forest twice___he came to yunnan.
a. after b. before c. since d. for
cd player for two weeks.
a. has lent b. has borrowed c. has bought d. has had
letter from him since he left.
a. didn't receive b. h**en't got c. didn't h**e d. h**en't heard
you ever___lintong to see the terra cotta warriors? -yes, i h**e.
a. went to b. gone to c. been in d. been to
parents __shangdong for ten years.
a. h**e been in b. h**e been to c. h**e gone to d. h**e been
三、完型填空和阅读。
when a friend was visiting d**id, it began 1 . so d**id told him 2 that night. “you may stay here 3 the night,” he said.
“ok,” answered his friend.
but 4 minutes 5 , the friend went out. he didn't tell d**id where 6 going nor(也没有)did he ask for an umbrella.
when d**id was about 7 , his friend 8 . he was all wet through.
“where 9 you 9 ?”asked d**id.
“i h**e been 10 ,”answered the friend, “to tell my mother that i'll not go home tonight because of the rain.”
1. a. raining b. to rain c. rain d. rains
.a. to go not home . don't to go home c. not to go home d. doesn't to go home
3. a. for b. to ｃ.of d. up
4. a. few b. little c. a little d. a few
late . after c. lately d. later
6. a. is he b. was he c. he is d. he was
7. a. to go to sleep b. to go to bed c. going to bed d. go to bed
8. a. returned b. returns ｃ.to return d. returning
9. a. h**e…gone b. h**e…been to c. has…gone d. h**e…been
10. a. to home b. home to c. home d. homed
germs (细菌) are everywhere. they are very small and you 1 see them. they are like the seeds of plants, but they are 2 .
there could be hundreds of them on the point of a needle (针). we can not see the germs 3 , but we can see them with a microscope (显微镜).
germs are always found 4 . when we 5 dirty water under the microscope, we shall see them in it. germs are not found only in water.
they are found in the air and in dust, too. 6 you cut your hand, some of them will go into your hand. your hand would become big and red and you would h**e much pain in it.
sometimes the germs would go 7 your body, and you would h**e pain everywhere.
8 these kinds of germs!
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