unit 1 how can we become good learners?
1、how引导的特殊疑问句：
询问方式或手段：“怎样”
如：how do you study english?
---i study by reading aloud.
用于彼此间打招呼、问候、询问身体状况：
如：how do you do?--how do you do
how are you?--i’m fine/ well/ ok.
询问天气或程度：
如：how’s the weather?=what’s the weather like?
---it’s sunny/ cloudy/raining.
询问年龄：如：how old is she?=what’s her age?
---she is 15 (years old)
征求意见或建议用：how about= what about + n/ 代词/ v-ing.
如：how about __play) basketball?
询问频率用：how often
如：how often do you exercise?--once a day.
询问可数名词的数量用：how many
如：how many students are there in your class?
---there are 50 students in our class
询问不可数名词的数量用：how much.
如：how much meat __be) there in the fridge?
---only a little.
此外：how much还可以用于询问**。
how much is your coat?--it’s 50 yuan.
注：询问**用：
how much is/ are sth? =what’s the price of sth?
东西有贵(expensive = dear)贱(cheap = inexpensive)，**(price)有高(high)低(low)
如：this coat is very cheap.
the price of this coat is very low.
询问次数用：how many times“多少次”
如：how many times do you go to the park a week?
---three times.
询问长度、时间长短用：how long
如：how long is the boat?--about 3 meters.
how long will you stay there?
---for 2 days
注：用how long提问，用：for+时间段或since+时间点回答（其中，for可以省略）。
询问将来时间多久用：how soon
如：how soon will you come back?
---i’ll be back in ten minutes.
注：用how soon提问，用：in+时间段回答。
询问距离远近用：how far “多远”
如：how far is it from your home to school?
---it’s about 2 kilometers (away)
it’s about 10 minutes’ walk/ ride.
it’s about 10—minute walk/ ride.
2、v + by + v-ing ：表示方式，手段。“靠做…怎么样”
如：how do you study english?
---i study bylisten) to tapes.
3、voice, noise, sound的区别：“声音”
voice：主要指人的笑声、歌声、说话声。强调人的“嗓音”，多指乐音。
如：her voice sounds very sweet.
noise：指“嗓音”，其形容词是noisy.
如：don’t make so much noise, father is sleeping
sound：指“物体”的声音”，自然界的一切声音。
如：the sweetest sound in the world is birds’ singing.
4、too, also, either, as well的区别：
too：用于肯定句，放在句末，且前面有逗号。
如：i like apples, too.
either：用于否定句。
如：i don’t like oranges, either.
also：用于肯定句，放在句中。置于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前。
如：i can also swim.
i also like pears
as well：用于肯定句，放在句末，但前面没有逗号。
如：i like apples as well.
5、little, a little, few, a few的区别：
有a表示肯定，“有”，无a表示否定，“没有”；
little修饰不可数名词，few修饰可数名词。
如：can you speak english?--yes, only __
a. little b. a little c. few d. a few
6、find的用法：
find sb do sth 发现某人做…(全过程)
find sb doing sth发现某人做…(正在发生)
find + 宾语+adj 发现…怎么样。
如：he finds watching movies __interest) .
此外：find还有：
sb find it + adj + to do sth “某人发现做…怎么样” (此处it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是动词不定式)
如：i find it easy to study english well.
7、-ed型adj和-ing型adj的区别：
ed型形容词修饰人；-ing型形容词修饰物。
如：theexcite) news makes usexcite)
8、疑问词+不定式作宾语。
如：i don’t know how to do it.
i don’t know what to do.
注：用how+不定式作宾语时，how后面的动词后面必须有词（间接宾语）
如：can you tell me how to use computer?
9、instead和instead of的区别：“代替，相反，而不是”
instead：放在句首或句末。
如：we didn’t go fishing, we went to the park instead.
instead of：放在句中，of是介词，后接名词，代词，动名词。
如：we go to the park instead of going fishing.
10、①watch/see/ hear/ notice/ find sb do sth （强调动作的全过程）
watch/see/ hear/ notice/ find sb doing sth （强调动作正在发生）
如：i watched them __play) football on the playground this morning.
i saw them __play) football when i got to school.
11、动名词短语作主语，谓语动词用单数。
如：reading __be) interesting for me.
helping others __make) me happy.
12、it + be + adj + to do sth 做某事怎么样（it 做形式主语，动词不定式做真正的主语）
如：it’s easystudy) english well.
注：it + be + adj + for/ of sb+ to do sth 对某人来说，做某事怎么样。
选择for或of的关键是看：adj
1 若adj修饰人（sb）,用of；
如：it’s very nice of you to help me.
(此句为表示感谢的句子，相当于thank you，用you’re welcome 或that’s all right 来回答)
2 若adj修饰物（to do sth），用for
如：it’s very important for us to study english well.
13、adj修饰名词，adv修adj/ adv/ v
如：we should studyhappy)
this is __she) book.
14、h**e some trouble / problems/ difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难。
如：i h**e some trouble __learn) grammar
15、adj和adv的比较级和最高级：
比较级：er结尾或more+原形。
最高级：est结尾或most+原形。
a. adj/ adv变为比较级和最高级的规则：
一般在adj/ adv词尾加er/ est.
以字母e结尾的加r/ st.
以辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i，再加er/ est.
如：friendly—friendlier—friendliest
以重读闭音节结尾的，则先双写最后一个字母，再加er/ est.
如： hot--hotter—hottest; thin--thinner—thinnest
big—bigger---biggest
注：什么是重读闭音节：以“一个辅音字母+一个元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾，且最后两个发音发元音音素和辅音因素的词。
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