英语句子成分结构分析。
英语的基本成分有六种:主谓宾、表定状。
主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、
表语(predicative)定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)
1、 主语:句子所要说明的人和事物,是一句的主体,一般放在句首。
在简单句中,主语一般由名词、代词、动名词或动词不定式(短语)来充当。动名词、动词不定式作主语时通常用it作形式主语。
the sun rises in the east (名词)
he likes dancing. (代词)
twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
seeing is believing. (动名词) 眼见为实。
to see is to believe.(动词不定式)
it is very hard to get to sleep. (动词不定式)入睡很难。
what he needs is a book.(主语从句)
it is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (it形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
练习:指出下列句中作主语的中心词。
the teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
there is an old man coming here.
the useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
to do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2、谓语:表示主语的动作或状态。谓语必须由动词充当,常用动词或动词词组。
可作谓语的动词一般为行为动词(表动作)和连系动词(表状态),行为动词根据其后是否可直接接宾语,又可分为及物动词(vt.直接跟宾语)和不及物动词(vi.不直接跟宾语/不跟宾语)。
连系动词表状态。
heisanexcellentteacher.他是位优秀的教师。
theboxitselfisnotsohe**y.箱子本身并不重。
及物动词作谓语。
we study english. 我们学习英语。
allofthestudentslikethenovel.所有这些学生都喜欢这本**。
didyouseemanypeoplethere?你在那儿看见许多人了吗?
不及物动词作谓语。
theteachercamein.老师走进来。
hewentabroadintheseptemberof1988.他于2023年9月出国。
练习:选出句中作谓语的中心词。
i don't like the picture on the wall.
the days get longer and longer when summer comes.
do you usually go to school by bus?
there will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
3、宾语:表示行为动作的对象,充当宾语的可以是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式和宾语从句,一般可分为动词宾语和介词宾语。
i study english. 动词宾语。
i like china. (名词)
he hates you. (代词)
i enjoy working with you. (动名词)
i hope to see you again. (不定式)
wehopedthatallwouldcomewell.我们希望一切都会好转。(宾语从句)
放在及物动词之后的宾语叫动词宾语;放在介词之后的宾语叫介词宾语。
动词宾语 i study english.
介词宾语 he makes full use of his spare time to study.他充分利用空闲时间来学习。
are you afraid of the snake?你害怕蛇吗?
练习:挑出下列句中的宾语。
my brother hasn't done his homework.
people all over the world speak english.
you must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
how many new words did you learn last class?
some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
4、表语:放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的,一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。
he is a teacher.(名词)
you don’t look it.(代词)
five and five is ten.(数词)
he is asleep.(形容词)
his father is in. (副词)
the picture is on the wall. (介词短语)
my watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)我的表不见了。
the question is whether they will come. (表语从句)问题是他们是否会来。
连系动词分为三类:
be 动词 am/are/is,was/were
感官动词 sound(听起来)、look(看起来)、feel(摸起来、感觉)、smell(闻起来)、
taste(尝、吃起来)、keep(保持)
趋势动词 remain(保持)、become、grow、get、turn(变得)、seem(似乎)、appear(显现)
连系动词不能够单独作谓语,必须与表语连用才构成谓语。
系表结构作谓语。
herfatherissixty-five.
it sounds a good idea.
the door remains open.
练习:挑出下列句中的表语。
the old man felt very tired.
why is he worried about jim?
the le**es h**e turned yellow.
soon they all became interested in the subject.
she was the first to learn about it.
5、定语:修饰名词或代词,中文译为“……的”,作定语的有名词、形容词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词、动名词和定语从句,若是词则多作前置定语,若是短语或定语从句则只能作后置定语。
yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词)前置定语。
he is our friend. (代词)
we belong to the third world.(数词)
he was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
the man over there is my old friend.(副词) 后置定语。
the boys playing football are in class 2. (现在分词)
the trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
i h**e an idea to do it well.(不定式)
you should do everything that i do. (定语从句)
练习:挑出下列句中的定语。
on the third lap are class 1 and class 3.
i am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
the man downstairs was trying to sleep.
6、状语:它是修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句用的,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随情况等,多位于句首或句尾。作状语的有:
副词(短语)、介词短语、不定式、分词(短语)、名词短语和状语从句。
1)时间状语 ioftengetupat5:30inthemorning.我常常在早上5:30起床。
2)地点状语 the meeting will be held in the meeting room.
3)程度状语 i like some of you very much.
4)目的状语 we’llgotothebeachforapicnic.我们将去沙滩野炊。
5)方式状语 weusuallygotoschoolonfoot.我们通常步行去上学。
6)让步状语 nomatterwhathappens,iwillneverloseheart.无论发生什么,我将决不失去信心。
7)条件状语 ifyoudon’tworkhard,you’llfallbehindtheothers.假如你不努力学习,你将落后于别人。
8)原因状语 wedidn’tgototheparkbecauseofthebadweather.
9)结果状语 heleftearly,sothathecaughtthetrain.他早早地离去,(结果)因此赶上了火车。
10)伴随状语 theteachercameintotheclassroom,followedbyagroupofhisstudents.
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