语法部分。
第一讲虚拟语气。
i. 考点分析：
虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。
虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考察历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：
1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主句、从句所使用的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。
2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。
例如：if i were invited, i would come.
if she were not ill, she could do a lot of things.
3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad.
could i do it, i would surely do it.
should the black death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）
4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题： if i hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.
（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时。
又如：if i were you, i would h**e gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；if we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be h**ing a terrible time tomorrow.
(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；
if the weather had been more f**orable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)
5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： i would h**e written the ***** before, but i h**e been ill.
(=if i had not been ill, i would h**e written the ***** before.);
a true friend would h**e acted differently. (a friend, if he had been true, would h**e acted differently.)
6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
例如：without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。
but for your cooperation, we could not h**e succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。
7.“were it not for/had it not been for+宾语”或“but that+从句”表示假设条件。
例如：were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t h**e got over the difficulties.
had it not been for the reservoir, we’d never h**e been able to beat the drought.
but that he saw it (=if he had not seen it), he could not h**e believed it.
providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以用陈述语气。
9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct（命令）insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议，动议)等；例如：
the united nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. （联合国敦促他撤军。）
10．常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement等；
例如：the suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句)
邀请他的建议被否决了。
their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. 用于表语从句)
他们的要求是工资增加20%。
11．用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“it is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如：it is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。
it was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。
常见的这类形容词、分词还有：advisable（合理的）, anxious(急切的), appropriate（合适的）, compulsory（强制的）, crucial(紧要关头的)，desirable（理想的）, eager, essential（必要的）, imperative(迫切的), important（重要的）, impossible（不可能的）, improper（不合适的）, natural（自然的）, obligatory(必须履行的)， preferable（更好的）, proper（合适的）, strange（奇怪的）urgent（紧迫的）, vital（至关重要的）, demanded（要求的）, required（要求的）, suggested（建议的）, desired（希望的）等。
第二讲非谓语动词。
i．考点分析。
非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：
he seemed to h**e waited there for a long time. (不定式的完成时态)
he seemed to be waiting for someone. (不定式的正在进行时)
he seemed to h**e not known the place very well. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)
he seemed to h**e been told about it. (不定式的被动语态)
一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。
1. 现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：
the film is exciting. (表语)
the exciting film attracted the children very much. (定语)
h**ing finished the homework, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)
the problem being discussed is what they are concerned with. (定语)
2. 过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：
children are excited at the film. (表语)
the excited children sang and danced to the midnight. (逻辑定语)
excited at the news, children went to the playground to play basketball. (状语)
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