名词性从句 (2)——主语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句】主语从句是指在句子中做主语的从句。引导主语从句的词有连词that, whether;连接代词who, what, which以及其强调形式whoever, whatever, whichever;连接副词when, where, how, why等。
例如:that she was able to come made us very happy.
whether she will come or not is still a question.
what we need is more time.
where she has gone is a mystery.
在主语从句中,为了保持句子的平衡,我们常常把主语从句后置,而以形式主语it代替。
例如:that he misunderstood me is obvious. 通常说成:
it is obvious that he misunderstood me.
when the plane is to take off has not been announced. 通常说成:
it has not been announced when the plane is to take off.
引导主语从句位于句首的连词不能用if,可以使用whether。
例如:if he comes or not doesn’t matter. 应该为:
it doesn’t matter if he comes or not.
或 whether he comes or not doesn’t matter.
that引导的主语从句放在句首时,that不能省略。
例如:that he was chosen made us very happy.
注意这种结构构成的一些常见句型,如:
it is said / reported that ….据说/据报道……。
it must be pointed out that ….必须指出的是……。
it is likely that ….有可能……。
it happens that ….碰巧……。
what与that在引导主语从句时的区别:what在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that在从句中不做成分。
例如:what you said yesterday is right.
(what在从句中作said的宾语)
that she is still alive is surprising.
(that在从句中不做成分,从句she is still alive不缺少成分)
同位语从句】
同位语从句是指在复合句中作名词的同位语的从句。引导同位语从句的词有连词that, whether;连接代词who, what, which, whose;连接副词when, where, how, why等。同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容。
后跟同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promise, decision, idea, truth等。
例如:the emperor’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the
people.
the order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
同位语从句通常在以下名词后:news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, word(消息), possibility等。
例如:mary didn’t tell her husband the fact that she had lost her purse.
玛丽没有告诉她的丈夫她把钱包弄丢了这个事实。
if不能引导同位语从句。此外,引导同位语从句的that不能省略。
同位语从句通常紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,但是有时也会被别的词隔开。
例如:he got the news from mike that the sports meeting was put off.
同位语从句与定语从句的区别:
1. 定语从句中的that既指代先行词的意义,同时又在从句中作某个成分(主语、宾语或表语),而同。
位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当从句中的任何成分。去掉that后同。
位语从句本身是完整、正确的。
2. 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定而同位语从句是名词性的,其功。
能是对名词进行补充说明。如果把先行词去掉,剩下的句子不正确,而把同位语从句前的名词去掉。
后,句子往往仍然正确。
例如:the news that he told me is not true.
(画线部分为定语从句。that在从句中作told的宾语。去掉先行词the news后剩下的句子不正确)
the news that tom would go abroad is true.
(画线部分为同位语从句。that在句中不作任何成分,去掉that后的从句tom would go abroad是个。
正确的句子。而且,如果去掉the news,剩下的that tom would go abroad is true. 仍然是个正。
确的句子。)
the question that they are discussing is very difficult. (定语从句)
the question who will take his place is still not clear. (同位语从句)
注意: 名词性从句中whether 和if的用法。
(1) 引导宾语从句时whether与if可替换。
例如:she asked me whether / if the teacher would le**e.
她问我老师是否会离开。
(2) 引导主语从句时whether可放在从句句首或句末;而if一般放在从句句末。
例如:whether they wi11 come is unknown. =it is unknown whether / if they'll come.
他们是否会来还不知道。
(3) 引导表语从句、同位语从句时,只能用whether。
例如:the question was whether tom has gone to shanghai.
问题是汤姆是否到上海去了。
the problem whether it is right or wrong has not yet been discussed.
这个问题是否正确还没讨论。
(4) 用作介词宾语(介词往往可以省略)或者同不定式连用时,只能用whether。
例如:it all depends on whether they'll help us.
这完全取决于他们是否帮助我们。
please tell me whether to go there.
请告诉我是否去那儿。
(5) 构成句型"whether...or (not) .时,只能用whether。
例如:the meal will be ready for her whether she comes or not.
不论她来不来,把饭给她准备好。
whether he will come himself or send a person is unimportant.
不管是他本人来还是派人来并不重要。
(6) 用if 会引起理解混淆时,只能用whether。
例如:please let me know if you like it.
这句话就可以理解称:“请告诉我你是否喜欢。” 或者“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”
(7) 在否定形式的宾语从句中只用if引导。
例如:i don't care if he doesn't come.
他来不来我不在意。
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