名词性从句。
一。 名词性从句的概念和分类。
其用法相当于名词的从句叫名词性从句。根据它们在主句中的作用不同可分为主语从句。 宾语从句。 表语从句和同位语从句4种。如：
whether we’ll go on a picnic is not decided. 我们是否去野餐还没决定。(主语从句)
i don’t know whether we’ll go on a picnic. 我不知道我们是否去野餐。(宾语从句)
the question is whether we’ll go on a picnic. 问题是我们是否会去野餐。(表语从句)
he asked me a question whether we would go on a picnic. 他问了我一个问题：我们是否要去野餐。(同位语从句)
二。 名词性从句的3个基本要素
1. 引导词：也就是引导名词性从句的连接词。这些引导词可分为：(1) that; (2) if / whether;
3)疑问词。既然是引导词，这些词就必须位于名词性从句的前面。
2. 语序：名词性从句都必须与陈述句语序相同：主语+谓语。事实上，任何一种从句，其语序都必须与陈述句的语序相同。如：
1)these photographs will show you __
a. what does our village look like b. what our village looks like
c. how does our village look like d. how our village looks like
(2)someone is ringing the doorbell. go and see __
a. who is he b. who he is c. who is it d. who it is
3. 时态一致：若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使用各种时态； 若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，宾语从句若不是一个客观事实或真理，其谓语动词也必须用某种过去时态。
如：the police found that the house __and a lot of things __
a. has broken into; has been stolen b. had broken into; had been stolen
c. has been broken into; stolend. had been broken into; stolen
三。 各类名词性从句的用法说明。
一) 主语从句。
1. 主语从句的语序： 主语从句要求使用陈述句语序，而非一般疑问句语序。如：
what surprised me most was that the little girl could play the violin so well.
使我感到惊讶的是这个小女孩的小提琴拉得太好了。
how he was successful is still a puzzle. 他是如何成功的仍然是个谜。
2. 连接词的选用。
1) that和what的选用。
that和what都可引导主语从句。what除起连接作用外，还在名词性从句中充当某些成分，可作从句的主语， 宾语或表语。而that在名词性从句中不充当任何成分，无词义，只起连接词作用。
如：what he wants is a book. 他想要的是一本书。
that light tr**els in straight lines is known to all. 众所周知，光线沿直线运行。
2) if和whether的选用： 引导主语从句，不能用if，只能用whether。如：
whether we will hold a party in the open air tomorrow depends on the weather.
我们明天是否在户外开晚会要看天气而定。
3) 其它连接代词和副词的选用。
根据主语从句的具体意义，正确的选择who, which, when, where, why, how等连接词，这些连接词既有疑问含义，又起连接作用，同时在从句中充当各种成分。如：
when we shall hold our sports meet is not decided. 我们何时举行运动会还没有决定。
who broke the glass yesterday is not clear. 还不清楚昨天谁打破了玻璃。
which car you will choose to buy makes no difference. 你决定买哪一辆车都不会有任何区别。
4) whatever / whoever的功用。
whatever, whoever在主语从句中不含疑问意义。它引导主语从句，并在从句中作主语，宾语， 表语等。whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。
要注意和whatever, whoever引导的让步状语从句的区别。如：
whoever breaks the law should be punished. (主语从句)
anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
whoever breaks the law, he should be punished. (让步状语从句)
no matter who breaks the law, he should be punished.
3. it构成的主语从句。
1) 由连词that引导的主语从句，在大多数情况下会放到句子的后面，而用代词it作形式主语。谓语是seem, appear, be certain, be a pity, be a wonder, be one's hope, be likely等词或短语时。
it is well-known that the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知，地球围绕太阳转。
注：用于it is suggested / required / ordered / demanded that...句型中，动词为表示命令。
建议。 要求等意义的词。主语从句应使用虚拟语气，谓语动词用"should + 动词原形", should可以省略。
例如： it is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying english. 你应该花更多的时间学习英语。
2) 常见用it作形式主语的复合句结构。
it is a fact (a good idea / a pity / a shame / no wonder / good news…)that…如：
it's a pity that you missed the film. 你没有看那部电影真是太遗憾了。
3) it is necessary (clear / true / strange/ important /wonderful / possible / likely…)that…
需要注意的是，这类主语从句中，谓语动词很多为“(should)＋动词原形”，即要用虚拟语气。如：
it is necessary that you (should) master the computer. 你很有必要掌握电脑。
it is important that a student learn english well. 学生学好英语很重要。
it's clear that they badly need help. 很明显，他们急需援助。
it is likely that a hurricane will arrive soon. 飓风很可能马上就要到达了。
4) it is reported (well-known / hoped / thought / expected /said /believed/decided /suggested /ordered…)that…如：
it is said that he was killed in the earthquake. 据说他在**中丧生了。
5) it seems (happened / appears / doesn't matter / makes no difference / that …如：
it seems that they will win the game. 看起来他们好像会赢得这场比赛。
it makes no difference whether he will attend the meeting or not. 他是否会参加会议都无关紧要。
例：the foreign minister saidour hope that the two sides will work towards peace."
a. this is b. there is c. that is d. it is
6) 固定句式：用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多，有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有：
it is said that...据说it is reported that...据报导……
it is well known that...众所周知…… it is announced that...据宣布……
it is believed that...人们相信it is thought that...人们认为……
it is understood that...自不待言…… it must be pointed out that...必须指出……
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