第一部分英语语法结构图。
第二部分词法。
第一节词性。
一、副词。(一) 概念。
副词(adverb)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
二) 副词的位置。
1、一般规则。
副词一般放在be动词、助动词或情态动词之后,实义动词之前。 如果实义动词后有宾语,则放于宾语之后。
i am also bush.
我也是布什。
i can also do that.
我也可以这样做。
i also want to play that games.
我也想玩这游戏。
she didn't drink water enough.
她没有喝足够的水 。
i h**e seen this film twice with my friends.
这部电影我和朋友看过两次。
2、简化结构中副词位置的变化。
1) be动词。
简化前: he is really nice.
简化后: he really is.
2) 助动词。
简化前: he can hardly do it.
简化后: he hardly can.
3、状态副词在被动语态中的位置。
表示状态的副词在被动语态中,要置于过去分词前。
主动语态:he did the job well.
被动语态:the job was well done.
4、时间副词和地点副词在一个句中,地点副词在前面,时间副词在后面。
we went shopping in the supermarket at 9 o'clock yesterday.
5、副词修饰形容词、副词时,一般放在被修饰词之前,但enough除外。
it's rather easy, i can do it.
he didn't run fast enough to catch the train.
6、句子要部分倒装。
never h**e i felt so excited!
三) 重要的副词用法。
1、very,much的用法。
1)very可修饰一般形容词或副词,但形容词或副词变成比较级时,则只能用much修饰。
he walked very slowly.
he walked much more slowly than i
2) 修饰too时只能用much,不能用very。
he is much too young.
注: 修饰比较级或too的副词通常有六个:much,far,a lot,a great deal, still, even.
2、little、a little
1) little做副词时,视为否定副词,译为“一点儿都不”,等于no;
the patient’s condition is little better than yesterday. 病人的情况并没有比昨天好到**去。
2) a little做副词时,译为“有点儿”
3、sometimes、sometime
1) sometimes 有时候。
sometimes he comes here for a visit.
2) sometime 某时。
可用于一般过去时或一般将来时,使用时通常与另一明确的时间副词或副词短语连用。
i saw him sometime yesterday morning.
4、ago、before
1) ago表“距现在若干时间以前”,时态用一般过去时,须与具体时间连用。
he came here a few days ago.
2) before表“距过去某时若干时间以前”,时态用一般过去时或过去完成时,可单独使用。
i h**e met him before.
5、since、after
1) since可做副词连词,连接状语从句:i h**e studied english since i moved here in 2001.
since可做副词用,修饰主句,译为“从那时候起”,句型结构一定为:he left town in 2002 and i h**en’t seen him since.
since可做介词用,之后加明确的时间名词作宾语:i h**e been studying english since 2002./ i h**e been studying english for ten years.
2) since之前可以用ever修饰,用于加强语气。
ever since he came here, he has been arguing with mary.
3) after做副词时,译为“之后”,与since不同的是,since修饰完成时,after修饰过去时,等于later或afterwards
he fell ill on monday and died three days after.
6、someday、the other day、some other day
1) someday表示将来有一天,用于将来时。
keep on working hard, and somehow you’ll be successful.
2) the other day 表示前些时候,用于过去时。
i went to the national park for a visit the other day.
3) some other day 改天,用于将来时。
i will visit you some other day.
7、somewhat、somehow、anyhow
1)somewhat 有一点儿。
it’s somewhat cold today.
2)somehow 不知怎么的/设法。
he is nice; but somehow i don’t like him.
we must find the money somehow.
3) anyhow 况且/不管如何。
i don’t h**e time to go to the movies; they’re too expensive anyhow.
anyhow, we can try.
8、short response 简应句。
1) 肯定句用so或too,其中so需要倒装。
he is nice, and so is she.
he is nice, and she is, too
2) 否定句用neither或either,其中neither需要倒装。
he isn’t nice, and neither is she.
he isn’t nice, and she is ,either.
9、more than 与倍数的关系。
more than 应置于倍数之前:he has more than three times as much money as you do.
10、避免双重否定。
1) never 不能再与否定词共用。
he hasn’t never been to japan before (×
he has never been to japan before
he hasn’t ever been to japan before
2) scarcely/hardly/almost not 为否定副词,译为“几乎不”,不可再与no 或not连用,但可以与any连用。
he has hardly no money (×
he has hardly any money.
11、在think、hope、believe、be afraid、imagine等动词后面加so,可代替肯定句,加not代替否定句。
a: is he nice?
b: yes, i think so.
no, i think not.
12、容易混淆的副词。
1) most(最)、mostly(大部分)
2) near(近)、nearly(几乎,=almost)
he lives near, not far
he was nearly drowned
二、动词。一) 谓语动词。
谓语动词指的是在句子中可以单独作谓语的动词,主要由实意动词充当。主要划分为完全不及物动词、不完全不及物动词、完全及物动词、不完全及物动词和授予动词。
1、完全不及物动词。
完全不及物动词,就是意思很完全的不及物动词,这类动词位于主语之后,可以单独存在,之后不须加任何词类意思就很完全。如。
something happened.
he died
在完全不及物动词之后,可接副词或副词对等语(如介词短语、状语从句等),以修饰该动词。
something happened yesterday.
he died in an accident.
he left because he didn’t want to see mary again.
不及物动词无被动语态。
2、不完全不及物动词(亦称系动词)
这类动词意思不完全,因而无法单独存在,之后要接名词、形容词或名词对等语,以补充其意思的不足,我们称为表语。
1) be 动词。
be 动词之后可用名词(含名词对等语,如名词性从句、名词短语、动名词、不定式等)或形容词(含作形容词的现在分词、过去分词、介词短语)和副词(地点副词或地点副词短语等)作表语。
be 动词后面有是一种表语:
2) become(变成)
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