虚拟语气总结。
虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood)
一、 使用虚拟语气的场合:当要说的话不是事实,或是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实。
相反的假设时就使用虚拟语气。
二、一般的虚拟语气的句式:if…+主句(=主句+if从句)
其谓语形式为:
note:1、主句中的should只用于主语是第一人称时,would,might,could可用于任何人称,根据意思的需要选用。
2、条件从句的动词如果是be,其过去式所有人称无论单、复数都用were
三、含蓄虚拟语气:有时虚拟条件不通过条件从句,而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来,这种句子叫含蓄语气句。如:
① the gifts to him would h**e filled a railway car.
② i could not h**e lived through christmas without giving you a present.
=i could not h**e lived through christmas if i had not given you a present.)
四、虚拟语气的倒装:把引导虚拟语气条件从句的if省略,再把were,had或should提于句首,进行部分倒装。
如:① had you arrived 5 minutes earlier, you could h**e seen him off.
(=if you had arrived 5 minutes earlier, you could h**e seen him off.)
② were she not so busy, she would come to help us.
(=if she were not so busy, she would come to help us.)
③ had it not been for chairman mao, we labouring people could neverh**e stood up.
(=if it had not been for chairman mao, we labouring people could never h**e stood up.)
五、虚拟语气的其他用法:
⑴ suggest,propose,advise,recommend,order,insist,require,request,demand等动词后的宾语从句。
及 suggestion,proposal,advice,recommendation,order,idea等名词后的表语从句或同位语。
用"(should)+动原"的虚拟语气。
⑵ it is necessary/strange/natural/better/important后的从句用"(should)+动原"的虚拟语气。
⑶ it is time及would rather后的从句用过去时态形式的虚拟语气。
⑷ wish后的宾从、as if/as though后的从句使用时态降级形式的虚拟语气。
⑸ even if/even though从句的虚拟方法同于 if从句。
同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较"固定",把关键的几个词背下来。
下面这个材料供参考。
一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如:
i heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消息。
i had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这里。
二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility等。如:
i’ve come from mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。
三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连接副词 how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)如:
l h**e no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。
he must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。
四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。 如:
several years later,word came that napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.
几年以后,有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。
the thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.
他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。
五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。
1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。如:
the news that l h**e passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。
(同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。)
the news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。
(定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息。)
2、关系词在句中是否做成分 。如:
the idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.
计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。(that在从句中不充当任何成份。)
the idea that he g**e surprises many people.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。
(that在从句中作g**e的宾语。)
3、从句是否有疑问的意义。如:
you remember the day when i told you that i loved you?(when引导的从句不表示疑问,所以这是一个定语从句。)
h**e asked the question why it was true just now.(why引导的从句表示疑问,所以这是一个同位语从句。)
一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形。
式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
六、典型例题。
例1:i h**e no idea when he will be back.
析:he will be back意义不完整,应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容,因此应用when引导同位语从句。
例2:i h**e no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.
析:he went home意义不完整,应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容,因此应用how引导同位语从句。
例3:information has been put forward __more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(nmet2001上海)
析:答案为 middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是information的内容,且information不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于:
it is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities,this is the information __has been put forward.
析:答案为 has been put forward为information的修饰性定语,且information在从句中作主语,所以该句为定语从句。
例4:she heard a terrible noise,__brought her heart into her mouth.(met91)
析:答案为b.分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知,该句为非限制性定语从句,先行词为a terrible noise,且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于:
i can’t stand the terrible noise __she is crying loudly.
析:答案为 is crying loudly与the terrible noise修饰的都是她的哭声,且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。
1) 语法形式上要一致,即用作主语的名词中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上一致 2) 意义上要一致,即主语和谓语的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义。
1 并列结构作主语时当意义为复数时谓语用复数。
注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。
the iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
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