专四语法总结

发布 2021-05-11 05:56:28 阅读 9742

虚拟语气总结。

虚拟语气(the subjunctive mood)

一、 使用虚拟语气的场合:当要说的话不是事实,或是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实。

相反的假设时就使用虚拟语气。

二、一般的虚拟语气的句式:if…+主句(=主句+if从句)

其谓语形式为:

note:1、主句中的should只用于主语是第一人称时,would,might,could可用于任何人称,根据意思的需要选用。

2、条件从句的动词如果是be,其过去式所有人称无论单、复数都用were

三、含蓄虚拟语气:有时虚拟条件不通过条件从句,而是通过上下文或用介词短语等表示出来,这种句子叫含蓄语气句。如:

① the gifts to him would h**e filled a railway car.

② i could not h**e lived through christmas without giving you a present.

=i could not h**e lived through christmas if i had not given you a present.)

四、虚拟语气的倒装:把引导虚拟语气条件从句的if省略,再把were,had或should提于句首,进行部分倒装。

如:① had you arrived 5 minutes earlier, you could h**e seen him off.

(=if you had arrived 5 minutes earlier, you could h**e seen him off.)

② were she not so busy, she would come to help us.

(=if she were not so busy, she would come to help us.)

③ had it not been for chairman mao, we labouring people could neverh**e stood up.

(=if it had not been for chairman mao, we labouring people could never h**e stood up.)

五、虚拟语气的其他用法:

⑴ suggest,propose,advise,recommend,order,insist,require,request,demand等动词后的宾语从句。

及 suggestion,proposal,advice,recommendation,order,idea等名词后的表语从句或同位语。

用"(should)+动原"的虚拟语气。

⑵ it is necessary/strange/natural/better/important后的从句用"(should)+动原"的虚拟语气。

⑶ it is time及would rather后的从句用过去时态形式的虚拟语气。

⑷ wish后的宾从、as if/as though后的从句使用时态降级形式的虚拟语气。

⑸ even if/even though从句的虚拟方法同于 if从句。

同位语部分是个句子,就是同位语从句,这种用法比较"固定",把关键的几个词背下来。

下面这个材料供参考。

一、在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如:

i heard the news that our team had won.我听到了我们队获胜的消息。

i had no idea that you were here.我不知道你在这里。

二、可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news,idea,fact,promise,question,doubt,thought,hope,message,suggestion,words(消息),possibility等。如:

i’ve come from mr wang with a message that he won’t be able to see you this afternoon. 我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。

三、英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连接副词 how,when,where等。(注:if,which 不能引导同位语从句。)如:

l h**e no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。

he must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.

他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。

四、有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。 如:

several years later,word came that napoleon himself was coming to inspect them.

几年以后,有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视察他们。

the thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.

他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。

五、同位语从句与定语从句的区别。

1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系,即说明它前面名词的内容;而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系,即限定它前面的名词范围,或补充一些情况。如:

the news that l h**e passed the exam is true.我通过了考试这一消息是真的。

(同位语从句,即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。)

the news that he told me just now is true.他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。

(定语从句,从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用,即“他告诉我的”那个消息,而不是别的消息。)

2、关系词在句中是否做成分 。如:

the idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.

计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。(that在从句中不充当任何成份。)

the idea that he g**e surprises many people.他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。

(that在从句中作g**e的宾语。)

3、从句是否有疑问的意义。如:

you remember the day when i told you that i loved you?(when引导的从句不表示疑问,所以这是一个定语从句。)

h**e asked the question why it was true just now.(why引导的从句表示疑问,所以这是一个同位语从句。)

一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形。

式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。

六、典型例题。

例1:i h**e no idea when he will be back.

析:he will be back意义不完整,应加“什么时候”的含义才能表达idea的全部内容,因此应用when引导同位语从句。

例2:i h**e no impression how he went home,perhaps by bike.

析:he went home意义不完整,应加“如何”的含义才能表达impression的全部内容,因此应用how引导同位语从句。

例3:information has been put forward __more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.(nmet2001上海)

析:答案为 middle school graduates will be admitted into universities是information的内容,且information不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。应将该句区别于:

it is said that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities,this is the information __has been put forward.

析:答案为 has been put forward为information的修饰性定语,且information在从句中作主语,所以该句为定语从句。

例4:she heard a terrible noise,__brought her heart into her mouth.(met91)

析:答案为b.分析语境含义、句子结构和句子成分可知,该句为非限制性定语从句,先行词为a terrible noise,且它在从句中作主语。应将该句区别于:

i can’t stand the terrible noise __she is crying loudly.

析:答案为 is crying loudly与the terrible noise修饰的都是她的哭声,且the terrible noise不在从句中作成分,所以该句为同位语从句。

1) 语法形式上要一致,即用作主语的名词中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上一致 2) 意义上要一致,即主语和谓语的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义。

1 并列结构作主语时当意义为复数时谓语用复数。

注意: 当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。

the iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

专四语法讲义

专四语法部分。一 总体概况 语法考点 三大从句 名词 定从 状从。非谓语动词。时态 语态 语气 情态动词。其他。代词 不定代词。二 从句讲解。三大从句 一 三大从句。五种基本句式。主语 谓语vt 宾语。主语 谓语vt 宾语 宾语。主语 谓语vt 宾语 补语。主语 谓语vi 状语。主语 系动词 表语。...

英语专四语法从句

三类从句。名词性从句 nominative noun clauses 1.主语从句 subject clause 除基础知识外,另外要掌握的 a.识别it作形式主语,主语从句后置。it is a privilege that you h e invited me to the party.b.whe...

专四必备语法20条

一 定语从句。一 关系代词用that的情况 1.用作表语 当关系代词作be的表语时,且先行词是特指时,关系代词通常用that 不用who或which代替 或省略。that可以指代人或物,用作表语,仅用于限制性定语中。2.当先行词为all或其他指物的不定代词 如anything,something,n...