语法：独立主格结构。
独立主格结构（the nominative absolute stucture）在句中起状语作用。
一、独立产格结构：
1) n. (pron.)+n.
charlie a good boy, his parents feel relaxed le**ing himself alone at home.
charlie 是个乖孩子，所以他父母把他一个人放在家里很放心。
2)n. (pron.)+adj.
everything quiet in such deep night, a bark could be heard in the distance once while.
在如籁寂静的夜晚，远处的偶尔一声狗叫也能听得到。
3)n. (pron.)+adv.
nobody in, i had to nail a note on his door and left.
因为没人在家，所以我只好把一张纸条钉在门上离开了。
4)n. (pron.)+prep-phrass
the farmers were returning from the fields at sunset, hoes on their shoulders.
太阳落山时，农民们抗着锄头回家了。
5) n. (pron.)+infinitive.
this is the first volume of the book, the second to come out next season.
这是这本书的第一卷，第二卷要到下个季度才出版。
6)n. (pron.)+participle
hunters searching around, the fox had nowhere to hide itself.
因为猎人四周搜索，狐狸无处藏身。
everything prepared ahead of time, the boss nodded with satisfaction.
看到）一切都提前准备好了，老板满意地点点头。
二、独立主格结构作各种状语：
1)时间状语。
class over, some students went to the playground, and some others stayed on in the classroom, doing their homework.
下课了，有些学生去了操场，而有的学生继续待在教室做作业。
2)原因状语。
the public paying more attention to the environment, our surroundings are becoming cleaner and cleaner. 由于公众的环境意识提高了，我们的周围也变得越来越干净。
3)方式状语。
the guide leading the way, the group successfully got through the jungle.
向导带着路，不分队顺利地穿越了丛林。
4)条件状语。
more trees h**ing been planted, the soil would not h**e been washed away.
如果（当时）多种点树，土壤也不会被冲走了。
5)结果状语。
the great fire lasted half a month, everything burnt down.
大火持续了半月，所有东西都烧光了。
6)让步状语。
our plan approved by the government, there are still many obstacles ahead to our destination. 尽管**批准了我们的计划，通往目的地的路上还会有许多障碍。
7) 背景。
snow falling, children are chasing, and playing in the street.
下着雪，孩子们在街上追逐、嬉戏。
链接]with 复合结构（with+名词或代词+宾语补足语）也是一种独立主格结构。这种结构除可以做状语外，还可以充当定语。如：
she came to a brook with trees and grass on both banks.
她来到一条两岸长着树和草的小河边。
三、当堂练习：
1. there no enough food for everyone, we had to s**e every mouthful to last long.
a. was b. were c. being d. left
2. after a day’s hard work, she slept soundly, all lights
a. were on b. been on c. be on d. on
3. knocked down by a car
a. 120 was called immediately to ask for help
b. an ambulance was called for to take him to hospital
c. he died halfway when being carried to hospital
d. all his clothes were torn open and blood was trickling
4. many peopleat him, so he felt a bit too nervous.
a. stared b. staring c. were staring d. had stared
5. afterto the countryside, he has never written to us.
a. being sent b. sending c. sent d. h**ing sent
6. jerry saw her name at the end of the list
a. her face turned red b. her face red
c. her face was red d. turning red face
7. with trees and grass35% of the area, our city has taken on a new look.
a. covering b. covers c. covers d. has covered
8. the enemy set off a burning bomb, and the little soldier was burnt to death, .
a. a gun was in his hand b. a gun in hand
c. gun in held in hand d. gun in hand
9. as modern agriculture and industry quickly, more and more waste is produced.
a. develops b. develop c. developing d. developed
10. he recounted his experience in vietnam
a. with all seated listening b. with all seating listening
c. with all seated listened d. and all seated listening
11yesterday, we went out for a walk.
a. as was a fine day b. it was a fine day
c. it being a fine day d. for it was a fine day
12. all thingsthe plan trip will h**e to be called off.
a. be considered b. there is no time left
c. considering d. h**ing considering
13. weatherwe’ll go outing.
a. permit b. permitted c. will permit d. permitting
14. the boy stood there still
a. his eyes fixed on the toy b. his eyes were fixed on the toy
c. he fixed his eyes on the toy d. his eyes fixing on the toy
15. the old man lay on his back at the corner of the street, his eyes and his hands
a. dose; tremble b. closed; trembling
c. closing; trembling d. dosed; trembled
16. his feature story opens and closes with description of two news reports, each one major point in contrast with the other.
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