metonymy和synecdoche：
metonymy译作“换喻”，synecdoche译作“提喻”。这两种修辞格十分相近，其共同点是不直接说出所指对象的名称，而采取某种替代形式；它们的区别在于：metonymy是借与某事物密切相关的东西来表示该事物，因此亦称之为“借代”，而synecdoche是以某事物的局部表示整体，或反过来以整体表示局部。
例如人在幼年离不开摇篮，因而借用the cradle表示“婴儿时期”，这就是metonymy: he must h**e been spoilt from the cradle.
又如：“头”和“手”等是人体的部分，用他们表示整个人，则是常见的synecdoche形式：more hands (=working men) are needed at the moment.
we had dinner at ten dollars a head (=each person).
注意这两种辞格与其他比喻形式之间的区别，试比较：
greece was the cradle of western culture. –metaphor
a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. –analogy.
exercises:
1. the grey hair should be respected.
2. what is learned in the cradle is carried to the gr**e.
3. the famous port used to be a harbor which was crowded with masts.
4. “einstein is my admiration,” the little girl said.
oxymoron：矛盾修辞法，例如cruel kindness, bitter-sweet memories等，修饰成分与被修饰成分内部看起来有矛盾，实则相反相成。
矛盾修辞结构主要有以下5种形式：
adj.+ n. creative destruction, living death, tearful joy
adj.+ adj. cold pleasant manner, sour-sweet days, poor rich guys
adv. +adj. dully bright, mercifully fatal, falsely true
v. +adv. hasten slowly, shine darkly, groan loudly
n. +n. love-hate relationship, the sound of silence
alliteration：头韵，指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头音相同的单词。例如： 1. promise， problem and provision.
2. us trade policy is often viewed as inconsistent, incoherent, and incomprehensible to the countries of origin.
构成头韵的多为辅音字母，但应注意不发字母本音的字母不构成头韵，如physical pain, psychological power这样的短语，由于ph-组合读f音，ps-组合中的字母p不发音，因而不能在短语中构成头韵。
佳文赏析：youth
youth is not a time of life; it is a state of mind; it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees; it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions; it is the freshness of the deep springs of life.
youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. this often exists in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. nobody grows old merely by a number of years.
we grow old by deserting our ideals.
years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.
whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being’s heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing appetite for what’s next and the joy of the game of living. in the center of your heart and my heart, there is a wireless station; so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, courage and power from man and from the infinite, so long as you are young.
when your aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism, then you’ve grown old, even at 20; but as long as your aerials are up, to catch w**es of optimism, there’s hope you may die young at 80.
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