高考英语语法:介词及介词短语复习专题。
介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。
1.介词可按其构成分为:
(1)简单介词,即一个介词,如about,at,in,of,since等。
(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,out of等。
(3)二重介词,由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,如from under,from behind,until after,except in等。
(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如according to,because of,in spite of,on behalf of,with reference to等。
(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如regarding,concerning,including等。
2.介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种:
(1)表地点(包括动向),如about,above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,towards,under,up,upon,with,within,without等。
[注]有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across,around,over,towards,near外,还有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。
(2)表时间,
about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughouttill(until),to,towards,within等。
(3)表除去,如besides,but,except等。
(4)表比较,如as,like,above,over等。
(5)表反对,如against,with等。
(6)表原因、目的,如for,with,from等。
(7)表结果,如to,with,without等。
(8)表手段、方式,如by,in,with等。
(9)表所属,如of,with等。
(10)表条件,如on,without,considering等。
(11)表让步,如despite,in spite of等。
(12)表关于,如about,concerning,regarding,with regard to,as for,as to等。
(13)表对于,如to,for,over,at,with等。
(14)表根据,如on,according to等。
(15)表其他,如for(赞成),without(没有)等。
一、介词的句法功能。
介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。
1、作定语:the book on the table is mine.
2、作状语:we h**e breakfast at seven.(表时间);they were late for meeting because of the he**y rain.
(表原因);they started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)
3、作表语:my dictionary 中学is in the bag.
4、作宾语补足语:i found him in the office.
二、主要介词区别。
1、表示时间的at, in, on:at表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 o’clock ,常用词组有:
at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at christmas, at new year等。in表示一段的时间,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in october, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。
on总是跟日子有关,on monday, on christmas morning, on the following, on may day, on a warm morning等。
2、表示时间的since和from:since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。
一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:i hope to do morning exercises from today.
/ we h**e not seen each other since 1995.
3、表示时间的in和after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in短语和将来时态连用,after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如:
we’ll be back in three days./ after seven the rain began to fall./ what shall we do after graduation?
注意:after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如:after two months he returned.
4、表示地理位置的in, on, to:in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。如:
changchun is in the northeast of china./ mongolia is on the north of china./ japan is to the east of china.
5、表示“在……上”的on和in:on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如:
there is a book on the piece of *****./ there is an interesting article in the news*****./ he dug a hole in the wall.
6、表示“穿过……”的through和across:through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。如:
water flows through the pipe./ the old man walked across the street.
7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:
the lamp stands in the corner of the room./ i met with him at the street corner./ he sat on the corner of the table.
8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。
不可单独使用。如:in the end they reached a place of safety.
/ at the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ they decided to h**e an english evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.
9、表示“关于”的about 和on:两者都有“关于”的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“论述”。如:
he came to tell me about something important./ he wrote a book on science.
10、between, among:一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:
you are to sit between your father and me./ he is always happy among his classmates.
注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于between。如:
agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如:
the little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:
they don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.
11、besides, except, but, except for:besides指“除了……还有,再加上”。如:
all went out besides me.;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。如:
all went out except me.;but 与except意思近似,表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如:
i never saw him reading anything but the news*****.;except for表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。如:
his diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。
12、表示“用”的in和with:表示工具的“用”,用with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”,用in。如:
he is writing a letter with a pen./ he wrote the letter in pencil./ we measured it in pounds.
/ read the text in a loud voice./ tell me the story in english.
13、in charge of和in the charge of:两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于:
in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如:who is in charge of the project?
/ the project is in the charge of an engineer.。
14、as, like:as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如:
let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like作“象……一样”解。如:
let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。
15、in front of 和in the front of:in front of = before,是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内); in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内)。如:
there is a desk in front of the blackboard./ the boy sat in the front of the car.。
16、in, into:into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。如:
we walked into the park.;in通常表示位置。如:
we walked in the park;in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。如:i h**e put the coin in (into) my pocket.
我把硬币放进衣袋。
三、复习时需注意的要点。
1、介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。
2、 介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如:
a.动词+介词:laugh at, wait for
b.形容词、过去分词+介词:be good at, be proud of
c名词+介词:pay a visit to , the key to
3、 表示选择关系的连词,连接的双方只取其一。常用连词有or, either...or, otherwise
例如:a) you can go to beijing either today or tomorrow.
b) you must get up early or you won’t catch the early bus.
4、 表示转折关系,连接的双方构成对比,意义上有转折。常用连词有but, however, while, only
例如: a) his brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.
b) you can watch tv, but you must finish your homework first.
5、 表示联合关系,联合的双方是对等的,意义上趋向一致。常用连词有:and, both...
and, neither...nor, not only...but also, as well as
to study english well, we need both diligence and careful.
that horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.
6、 表示因果关系,连接的双方,互为因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因。常用的连词有:for, so
例如:it must h**e rained, for the ground is wet.
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