省略。编稿:牛新阁审稿:王春霞。
概念引入。省略的使用主要在于避免重复,可以使语言简洁、紧凑、重点突出、表达有力。省略的原则是不损害结构或引起歧义。
所以我们要认真学习有关“省略”的常见规则,以便正确应用英语,另外,考查省略的题在高考题中也经常出现。
我们先看看这些句子:
1. if (it is) possible, discuss what kind of first aid you should give in these situations.
2. often the illness or injury is not serious, but there are other times when (the illness or injury is serious and) giving first aid quickly can s**e lives.
3. these affect both the top (layer of the skin) and the second layer of the skin.
4. burns are called first (degree burns), second (degree burns) or third degree burns, depending on which layers of the skin are burned.
5. he wanted to help the accident victim but his friend didn’t (want to help the accident victim).
6. to her teacher’s surprise, she did better in her first aid exam than (she was) expected (to do).
括号内为省略部分,把省略部分遮住,再次观察句子,思考:
是不是什么都能省略呢?究竟可以省略那些词句呢?省略有什么规律吗?
用法讲解。功能词的省略:
1. 冠词的省略。
1)两个并列名词都有同一冠词,第二个名词的冠词常可省略。
is the baby a boy or (a) girl? 这个婴儿是男孩还是女孩?
both the old and (the) young will enjoy the tv series.
老年人和年轻人都会喜欢这部电视连续剧。
2)家庭成员前可以省略其前的冠词或代词等,把该词大写即可。
dad never scolds me but mom does. 爸爸从不责骂我,而妈妈却不同。
3)表示独一无二的职位,而不是这个职业所具体指的那个人时,常省略冠词。
henry, head of our team, was determined to give up this game.
我们的队长亨利决定放弃这场比赛。
但是:如果省略了第二个冠词后会误认为一人或一物时,就不可省略。
they are the gardener and the gatekeeper. 他们一个是园丁,一个是门卫。
对比:the gardener and gatekeeper 园丁兼门卫。
2. 介词的省略。
1)表示一段时间的名词短语中for多省略,但是否定句中或句首不省略。
i’ve studied eng1ish (for) five years. 我已学五年英语了。
for a whole year, i was helping my dad on the farm. 整年我都在农场帮我爸爸。
2)of在与age,size,colour, height, shape等名词连用时,常可省略。
the two pairs of shoes are (of) the same size. 这两双鞋号码一样大。
3)near to,opposite to,in...way,in ..style,at about ..o’clock等中的介词可省略。
i live near (to) the supermarket you’re talking about. 我住在你们说的那家超市附近。
will you sit opposite (to) me and h**e a friendly talk?
你们能坐在我对面友好地谈谈吗?
4)在-ing前的介词可省略。
h**e difficulty/ trouble (in) doing sth. 做某事有困难。
spend/ waste/ pass...in/on) doing sth. 花/浪费/度过。做某事。
stop/ prevent...from) doing sth. 阻止。做某事。
end up ..by) doing sth. 以做。结束。
what’s the good (of) doing sth.?做。有什么好处?
h**e a good/ pleasant/ hard time (in) doing sth. 做。过得愉快/艰难。
5)以any, each, every, next, last, some, this, that, one等开头的表示时间的名词短语中,常省略介词。
you may come here any day. 你哪天来都行。
不定式中的省略。
1. 省略句子中与前面重复的动词原形,只保留不定式符号to:
1)助动词或情态动词,如be going to, used to, h**e to, ought to, be able to, be about to, would like to后的动词原形。
i can’t stand as much as i used to. 我无法像过去一样忍受那么多了。
—will you go to the cinema with me? 你愿和我一起去看电影吗?
—well, i’d like to (go with you). 我愿意。
2)want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try 等+to (do) .
jack didn’t pass the driving test, but he still hopes to.
杰克没有通过驾照考试,但是他仍然希望能通过。
he may le**e if he wishes to. 他可以走,如果他愿意的话。
3)ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow 等+sb. to (do)..
mary wanted to use your new bike, but i asked her not to.
玛丽要用你的新自行车,但是我没有让她用。
don’t go till i tell you to. 等我叫你走你再走。
4)形容词happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid 等+to (do)..
will you come for a walk? 你想去散步吗?
i’m glad to. 想去。
2. 省略to:
1)并列的不定式中的第二个不定式的to常省略,但如果是对比关系,则不能省:
it’s very kind of you to meet me at the railway station and (to) drive me home.
你们来火车站接我还用车送我回家真是太好了。
the purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.
新技术的目的是要让生活更轻松自在,而不是让生活更难过。
2)使役动词h**e、make、let和感官动词后接的宾语补足语时省略to,但是变成被动句后要加上。
they made the boy go to bed early.他们让这个男孩早睡。
the boy was seen to come into the house through the window.
有人看见男孩从窗户钻进房子里。
3)介词but前有实义动词do,but后的不定式的to省略:
they did nothing but wait. 他们除了等待什么事也没做。
对比:then it has no choice but to lie down and sleep. 除了躺下睡觉它别无选择。
4)主句的主语部分含有实义动词do时,作表语的不定式常省略to:
all i did was (to) give him a little push. 我能做的只能是给他点帮助(轻轻推推他)。
5)want, like用在when, if, what, as等连接的从句时,to也可省。
i’ve decided to do what i like. 我已经决定做我喜欢做的事。
句子成分的省略。
1. 省略主语,特别是祈使句中的you常省略。
(you)do be more careful in future. 今后一定要小心。
(i)beg your pardon. (我)请你原谅。
(it)looks as if it will rain. 看起来像要下雨。
2. 省略谓语或谓语的一部分。
who (comes ) next? 该谁了?
the river was deep and the ice (was ) thin. 河水很深而且冰也薄。
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