一、词组积累。
2、 常用句式。
1. what do/does sb./sth. look like? 某人/物怎么样?
what is sb./sth. like? 人性格特征;物性质特征。
2. how do you feel about + n./v.
-ing ? what do you think of + n./v.
-ing ? 你觉得。怎么样?
3、 接动词不定式作宾语的动词。
想要拒绝莫忘记 want, refuse, forget
需要努力学习好 need, try, learn
喜欢同意加帮助 like, agree, help
希望决定后开始 hope, decide, start/begin
4、 只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词(短语)
喜欢介意不可免 enjoy, mind, **oid
停止放弃太冒险 stop, give up, risk
建议完成是期望 suggest, finish, look forward to
继续练习使成功 keep on, practise, succeed in
5、 宾语从句。
宾语从句三要素:引导词(连接词);语序;时态。
1. 引导词。
1) 由that引导的宾语从句。
注:that 在句中无词汇意义,在从句中不能充当成分,在口语当中往往省略。
i hear (that) you passed the exam.
2) 由 whether, if 引导的宾语从句(重点掌握)
if/ whether ''是否'',说明对陈述的事物不明确或不清楚。常用在ask, wonder, can(could) you tell me 等后。
i wonder whether/if we can get there.
could you tell me whether/if that film is interesting ?
只能用whether不能用if的情况。
1 在介词后面:we are worried about whether it will rain tomorrow.
2 在动词不定式前:they asked me whether to go skating.
3 当与or not连用,或提出两种选择时:
mary asked whether i was doing my homework or not.
tell me whether you'd like to go shopping or tidy the room.
3) 由连接代词 who,whom,whose,which, what和连接副词 where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句。
这些代词或副词连接主句和从句,并在从句中担任句子成分,具有一定的意义,不可省略。
eg: do you know whose book it is?
he asked what he could do for that.
2. 语序:陈述句语序。
即:主句+连接词+从句(主+谓+其他成分)
但当从句的原句为以下句子以及what, who作主语时,语序不变:
what's wrong/the matter/happening?
eg :i don't know what's the matter.
can you tell me who is over there?
3. 时态:
1) 主句用一般现在时,现在进行时或一般将来时等''现在''范畴的时态时,从句的时态根据需要来用,不受主句影响。
i want to know what time he got up this morning.
he will tell us that he has been able to look after himself.
they are saying that they really like this city.
2) 主句用过去时,从句用与过去相关的时态。
kate said there was a box under the desk.
they asked what he was doing then.
she asked whether i had seen her before.
3) 从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象、名言时,仍用现在时。
dad told us that it is better to do than to say.
he told me the earth moves around the sun.
4) 句中有具体时间状语,即使从句动作发生在主句动作前,仍用一般过去时。
the teacher told me she was born in 1960.
6、 现在完成时。
1. 现在完成时基本结构:主语+h**e/has+动词的过去分词。
肯定句:主语+h**e/has+动词的过去分词+宾语。
eg: he has gone to beijing. 他去北京了。
②否定句:主语+h**e/has+not+动词的过去分词+宾语。
③一般疑问句:h**e/has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语。
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(h**e/has+主语+过去分词+其他)
2. 现在完成时的三个基本用法:
1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
h**e you had lunch? yes, i h**e. i’ve just had it.
你吃过午饭没?有,吃过了,我刚刚吃的。(影响及结果:
我现在饱了,不需要了)
—该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用。
① already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后,实义动词之前。 already, just多用于肯定陈述句。
she has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活。
would you like to go to see the film? no, i’ve seen it already.不,我已经看过了。(already偶尔会出现于句末)
有时already可以用于疑问句,表示期待肯定回答,或表示惊讶、意外。
h**e you finished reading the book already? 你真的已经读完这本书了?(表示惊讶)
ever多用于疑问句,问初次经历。
h**e you ever spoken to a foreigner? 你跟外国人讲过话吗?(问初次经历)
never多用于否定陈述句(注:本身表示否定意义)
he has never done such a thing, has he? 他从来没有做过这样的事,不是吗?(否定)
② yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还),常位于句末。
h**e you got ready yet? 你已经准备好了吗? he hasn’t finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业。
③ before一般位于句末。
i h**e never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影。 现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用,因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词。
2) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。
①与for +一段时间连用,表示多久。
he has learned english for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了。
②与since +时间(起点)连用,表示自…以来。
his father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自2023年以来都在这家工厂工作。
③与since +一段时间+ ago连用,表示自…以前就…。
jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了。
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