九年级英语语法学案(三):虚拟语气。
语气就是说话的口气。在汉语中,语气是由说话人的语调、表情等表现出来的,动词没有任何变化。但在英语中,除了语调之外,最主要的是用动词的变化来表示不同的语气。
英语中的语气有三种:陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气。如果我们所说的不是事实,也不是要求、命令、劝告等,而只是一种假设、猜测、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想就用虚拟语气。
英语中的条件状语从句有两类:一类是真实条件句,另一类是非真实条件句。如果假设的情况有可能发生,是真实条件句;如果假设的情况不存在或不大可能发生,只是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等,则是虚拟条件句—非真实条件句。
1、真实条件句表示的假设是可能发生或会实现的,主句和从句的谓语动词要用陈述语气。如:
1)if he doesn‘t come at 8:oo, we won't wait for him.如果他八点钟不来,我们就不等他了。
2)i'll pay you double if you get the work finished by friday.
如果你在星期五之前完工,我会付你双倍的钱。
2、在含有非真实条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语动词都要用虚拟语气,其构成形式有三种:
1. 与现在事实相反。
1) if i were you,i should go and try. 我要是你,我就去试试。
2) i would certainly go if i had time. 要是有时间,我一定去。
3) if he were not so busy, he would attend the meeting this afternoon.要不是他这么忙,他就会出席今天下午的会议了。
注:在第。一、第三人称单数后面,be 动词可以用were,也可以用was.如:
if she was/were here, you could ask her.
if i was/were in your place, i would think differently.
2.与过去事实相反。
1)if he hadn't been ill, he might h**e come. 要不是生病,他可能来了。(事实是:他生病了,没有来。)
2)if you had had more time, i would h**e shown you more places. 要是你有更多的时间,我会带你参观更多的地方。(事实是:
你时间不多,不能带你参观更多的地方)
3.与将来事实相反。
1)if it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. 如果明天下雨,我们的野餐就推迟。(事实是:
说话人认为“明天下雨”的可能性不大。)
2)if i should do it, i would do it in a different way. 要是我来做这事,我会用另一种方法来做。(说话人认为“做这事”的可能性不是很大。
)三、在wish后的虚拟语气宾语从句(可省略它的that):
表示: a.和现在的事实相反;
b.和过去的事实相反;
c.对将来的主观愿望。
1、 现在情况的虚拟,从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的):
1) i wish (that可省略,下同)i knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式 knew)
我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)
2) i wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)
但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能)
3) i wish i were a bird.(wish, were)
但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能,难道是鸟人?呵呵)
4)when she was at the party,she wished she were at home.
(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家)
(5) now that he is in china, he wishes he understood chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood)
现在他在中国,他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂)
(6) when we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.
(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起)
2、过去情况的虚拟,从句动词用"had + 过去分词"(时间上较前):
(1) i wish (that可省略,下同)i hadn't wasted so much time.
我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)
(2)2. he wishes he hadn't lost the chance.
他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去)
(3) we wished he had spoken to us.
(wished,had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)
(4)i wish you had called earlier.
(wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了)
5)they will wish they had listened to us sooner.
(will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此)
3、 将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望),从句动词用"would/should/could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后):
(1) i wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)
我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)
(2)i wish you would be quiet.(would + be)
我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)
(3) you wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)
你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到)
(4) i wish she would change her mind.(would + change)
我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵,女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔)
5) he will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)
(只是希望我们和他在一起,实际上还没在一起)
四、 除了wish之外,下列各动词(如 suggest)的后面的虚拟语气宾语从句,其谓语用:"should + 动词原形"表示建议(suggest)、坚持(insist)等虚拟语气:
suggest (建议), recommend (推荐), advise (劝告), propose (建议)
insist (坚持), consent (允诺)
decide (决定), order (命令)
request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求)
maintain (主张), urge (催促)
suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once.
(suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会)
doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight.
(suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该**喔)
3. he insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains.
(insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没用哩!)
4. he insisted that we (should) tell him the news.
(insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可)
5. he ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves.
(ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)
五、虚拟语气在表语从句、同位语从句中的用法:
下列名词后的表语从句或同位语从句,也用"should + 动词原形" 表示虚拟语气:
demand (要求), desire (请求),requirment (要求)
advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议)
order (命令)
necessity (必要地), preference (优先)
proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)
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