英语短语动词系指动词和介词或副词的习惯结合,其功能相当一个动词。表面看上去完全相同的短语动词,因介词或副词的词类不同,其语义差别很大。如:
theytalkedovertheproblemtoseeiftheycouldsolveit.
他们认真讨论了这个问题,看是否解决。(over副词)
they talked over the counter when william visited peter'sshop.
威廉来到彼得店里后,他们隔着柜台说话。(over介词)
因此,正确识别短语动词中的介词或副词的词类,对我们掌握短语动词正确理解和翻译语言帮助很大。如何识别呢?方法如下:
1)根据不变词的位置是否可以移动来识别。通常,短语动词中的副词位置可移动,可置于名词宾语的前边或后边,代词宾语(特别是人称代词)的后边:
they called up all young men.
they called au young men up.
they called them up.(他们征所有年轻人入伍。)(up副词)而介词只能置于宾语的前边:
she called on her friends.(他拜访了朋友。)
she called on them.
her friends on whom she called were not at home.
同样,hekeptonhisovercoatbecauseitwassocold.hekepthis overcoat:on because-t was so cold.(因天气很冷,他一直穿着大衣。)因为“kept his overcoat on"中的0ii可移放在动词宾语overcoat后面,所以是副词。
而,hekeptonthep**ementbecauseofhe**ytraffic.(因车辆很多,他一直在便道上站着。)句中on不能移到p**ement之后,on是介词。
2)从语音上区别。短语动词中的介词通常不重读(多音节介词有时例外。)而副词则往往重读。若该副词处于句尾,甚至成为核心重读词。
he called on the man.the man was called on.
他去看那个人。)(on不重读,是介词)
hecalleduptheman. up.
他叫醒那个人。)(up重读,是副词)
keep off the grass.
勿踏草坪(off非重读,介词)
draw the curtain to keep off the sun.
拉上窗帘,别让太阳晒。)(off重读,副词)
3)根据做状语的副词的位置来区别。一个含有短语动词的句子,其状语副词若出现在动词与不变词之间,则可判定该不变词为介词,而不是副词。闪为做状语的副词可插在动词与介词之间,不可插在动词与副词之间。
1)they called early on their friends.
他们很早便来拜访他们的朋友。(on介词)
the girl stepped hurriedly up the staircase.
这姑娘匆忙地拾级而上。(up介词)
但,不会出现这样的句子:
he hastily put on his coat./he put on his coat
hastily.
他急忙穿上外衣。
有时由“动词+介词”构成的短语动词,状语副词不可插人动词与介词之间,这种情况多为不可分割的习语。如:
he evidently takes after his father.
显然,他长得像他的父亲。
不能说,he takes evidently after his father.
4)通过强调手段来识别。
the man went down the cliff.
这人顺山崖而下。
为收到强调效果,可将down the tiff置于主语之前:
down the tiff he went.(down介词)但,短语动词中的副词一般不可置于主语之前以强调:
he passed out.他昏倒了。
out he passed.(误)
he took off his hat.他摘下帽子。
off his hat he took.(误)
the boiler blew up.锅炉**了。
up the boiler blew.(误)
up blew the boiler.
短语动词的介词或副词若重迭使用,则可前置以强调。无疑,该词为副词。如:
hewentonandonabouthiswifeandfamily.onandonhewentabout his wife and family.
正)关于他的妻子和家庭,他说起来没完没了。
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