如何区别英语短语动词与介词动词。
在近二十年内的外语学中,感受颇多,发现的问题也不少,比如:学生常常不知如何来区别短语动词与介词动词,现就这一问题谈谈自己的一些粗浅看法。
就英语双词动词而言,大致上可分为短语动词与介词动词两种基本形式。前者由动词+副动词构成,后者由动词+介词构成。在意义上,这两种动词具有共同特点(它们所表示的意义不是动词和副词或介词各自词义的简单结合,而往往相当于一个实意动词,如stand for = represent,look on = watch)在用法上,二者又具有不可忽视区别。
1.介词动词只用在及物句中,即相当于一个及物动词,其后都要接宾语。如:
marry is listening carefully to the teacher. 如果去掉宾语the teacher, 变成marry is listening carefully to. 就不成立了。
paul was waiting for the bus. 去掉宾语the bus, 句子也不成立。
而短语动词有些用在及物名中,有些则用在不及物句中。如:
the boys h**e put out the fire.(及物)
the fire went out at 10 o’clock.(不及物)
2.及物的短语动词都能用于被动句。如:
our offer was turned down by the company.
the fire has been put out by the boys.
而有些介词动词则不能用被动句。如:我们可以说:they arrived at the station.但不能说the station was arrived at.
3.介词动词接宾语时,无论宾语是代词还是名词,都只能放在动词与介词之后。如:
he takes after his mother /her in everything but his nose.(但不能说takes his mother after也不能说takes her after。)
the schoolgirl looked quickly at the price list。(不能说。looked quickly the price list at.)
而及物的短语动词则不同,接代词作宾语时,宾语要放在动词和副词之间;接名词作宾语时,宾语可以放在动词和副词之间,也可以放在动词与副词之后。如:
who will bring the children /them up?(或bring up the children,但不能说bring up them。)
please don’t forget to put on your coat (或put your coat /in on。)
4.有些介词动词可以在动词与介词之间加入副词(作状语)。如:
he looked carefully at the man.
he waited anxiously for the bus.
而短语动词则不能在动词与副词之间加入副词(作状语)。
如:我们可以说 the company abruptly turned our offer down(或turned our offer down abruptly, turned down our offer abruptly.)却不能说 turned abruptly our offer down,也不能说 turned abruptly our offer。
又如我们可以说your name suddenly came up(或came up suddenly.),却不能说came suddenly up。
5.短语动词和介词动词的发音位置也不同。短语动词的重音落在副词上。如:
look out! there is danger ahead.
danger! keep ‘out.
而介词动词的重音则落在动词上。如:
the children ‘laughed at the joke.
let us ‘drink to his success.
区别这两种类型的动词并没有捷径可走。但一般说来,当构成双词动词的第二个词是after, at, for, of, to或with时,这个动词几乎总是短语动词。
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