在英语中，有些句子在不同的上下文中具有不同的语义，原因在于对句子的某个成分可以做不同的解释，因此就会影响学生对内容的理解。在中学阶段这种结构上的歧义常见的有以下几种：
一、从句 1. if引导的从句
write and tell me if you can come.
● 如果你能来，来信告知。=if you can come, write and tell me.
● 来信告知是否你能来。=write and tell me whether you can come.
2. when, before引导的从句
how do you know when there is wind?
● 你怎么知道什么时候有风呢？ (宾语从句)
● 有风的时候，你怎么知道呢？ (状语从句)
3.比较简单状语从句的简略形式
(1) she loves the cat more than her husband.
● 她比她丈夫更加爱猫。=she loves the cat more than her husband loves the cat.
● 她爱猫甚于爱她丈夫。=she loves the cat more than she loves her husband.
(2) i like english as much as my daughter.
● 我和我女儿同样喜欢英语。=i like english as my dau ghter does.
● 我喜欢英语如同我喜欢女儿一般。=i like english as much as i like my daughter.
4.关系代词引导的定语从句
(1) she sang a folk song at the concert, which was a success.
● 她在一个相当成功的**会上唱一支民歌。(定语从句修饰the concert)
● 她在一个**会上唱一支民歌，获得了成功。(定语从句修饰整个句子)
(2) it is the book that i bought last week.
● 这是我上星期买的那本书。(that引导定语从句)
● 我上星期买的正是这本书。(it is…that…强调句型)
二、短语 1.分词短语或分词
(1) do you notice the old man smoking?
● 你注意到那位老人在抽烟吗？ =do you notice that the old man is smoking?
● 你注意到那位抽烟的老人吗？ =do you notice the old m an who is smoking?
(2) he found a boy hidden behind the door.
● 他发现躲在门后的一个男孩。=he found a boy who was hidden behind the door.
● 他发现一个男孩躲在门后。=he found that a boy was hidden behind the door.
2.动词不定式短语或动词不定式
(1) the police were told to stop drinking by midnight.
● 警察奉命在午夜时阻止他人喝酒。=the police were told to stop other people from drinking by midnight.
● 上级命令警察在午夜时不准喝酒。=the police were told to stop their own drinking by midnight.
(2) he wants a girl to do housework.
● 他要一个做家务的女仆。(不定式短语作定语)
● 为了做家务，他要一个女仆。(不定式短语作状语)
3.介词短语
i saw her in the library.
● 我在图书馆看见了她。(介词短语做状语)
● 我看见她在图书馆。(介词短语做宾补)
三、现在进行时和将来完成时
president bush is visiting that country.
● 布什**要访问那个国家。
● 布什**正在访问那个国家。
四、否定句
1. i didn’t go because i was afraid.
● 我并不是因为害怕而去的。
● 我因为害怕而没去。
2. i was not listening all the time.
● 全部时间我都没听。
● 我并不是全部时间都在听。
五、副词 he told me yesterday he had been to the library.
● 昨天，他告诉我他去了阅览室。
● 他告诉我他是昨天去了阅览室。
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