英语中,有些动词接了宾语之后,还需在其后加上一个词或短语来补充说明其状态、特征、身份、动作等,使得句子意思完整。这种“宾语+宾语补足语”结构叫作复合宾语,其特点在于宾语与宾补具有逻辑上的主谓或主表关系。归纳起来,复合宾语主要有以下几种类型:
一、宾语+名词(或代词)
该结构常用到的动词有:name, find, call, make, elect, find, choose,think, le**e, keep, consider等。如:
we call this kind of flower rose.我们管这种花叫玫瑰。
they made/ elected him monitor.他们选他当班长。
we found him a suitable man for the job.我们发现他就是这工作的合适人选。
you must keep it a secret.你(们)得保密。
his mother died, le**ing him an orphan.他母亲死了,使他成了孤儿。
二、宾语+形容词。
常用于该结构的动词有:think, believe, find, le**e, drive, make, keep,le**e, turn, wish, get,等。例如:
who left/ kept the door open/closed?谁让门开(关)着?
let’s get everything ready in time.我们按时把一切都准备好吧。
i found him dead the next morning.次日早晨我发现他死了。
三、宾语+副词。
副词用作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的表语关系,即宾语的表语。常用于该结构的副词有:up, down, here, there, out, in, home,upstairs等。
例如:show/let him in/ out.带(让)他进来(出去)。
kate drove us home after dinner.饭后凯特驱车送我们回家。
四、宾语+介词短语。
介词短语用作宾补常表示宾语所处的状态,它们之间亦具有逻辑主表关系。如:
make yourself at home.请随便点(别拘束)。
they found everything in good order.他们发现一切井然有序。
五、宾语+不定式。
充当宾语的不定式有以下三种类型:
动词不定式必须带to。这类动词有tell, ask, order, like, wish,want, expect, invite等等。如:
jim asked/ told/ ordered me to keep the room clean and orderly.吉姆请(叫/命令)我将房间收拾干净整齐。
we invited him to visit our school.我们邀请他访问了我校。
动词不定式不得带to。这类动词集中在look at, see, listen to,hear, feel, watch, notice, observe等感官动词和let, make, h**e等部分使役动词两方面。例如:
i often hear him sing in the next room.我经常听见他在隔壁唱歌。
i’ll let you know as soon as i hear from her.我一收到她的信就通知你。
the story made us laugh.故事逗得我们笑了。
动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略。例如:
could you help me (to) carry this box?您能帮我扛一下这箱子吗?
六、宾语+现在分词。
可跟现在分词作宾补的动词多为感官动词和某些使役动词。感官动词后接不带to的不定式作宾补,表示宾语和宾补的动作全过程,即不定式这一动作发生过或发生了;而现在分词作宾补则表示宾语和宾补的动作正在进行。试比较:
she noticed/found him getting on the tractor.她注意到(发现)他正爬上拖拉机。(=she noticed/found that he was getting on it.
)she noticed him get on the tractor and drive it off.她注意到他爬上拖拉机并将它开走。(=she noticed that he got on it and drove it off.
)另举几例:he felt his heart beating fast.他感到心跳得厉害。
do you smell anything burning?你闻到什么烧糊的味道了吗?
please get the clock going.请让钟走起来吧。
注意:find后的宾补不用动词原形。
七、宾语+过去分词。
如果说感官动词和部分使役动词后作宾补的现在分词与宾语之间表达。
主动关系的话,作宾补的过去分词与宾语之间则为被动关系。试比较:
i won’t h**e anyone saying so.我不允许任何人这样说。
i won’t h**e anything said against him.我不允许任何人对他说三道四。
please get the light burning and don’t get your hands burnt.请让灯燃着,别把手烫着了。
还有部分使役动词(如make, h**e)后的复合宾语若为主动关系,需用动词原形,若为被动关系,仍用过去分词。如:
i’ll h**e him repair my bike.我要让他给我修一下自行车。
i’ll h**e /get my bike repaired.我要让我的自行车给修一下。
speak louder so that you can make yourself heard.大声点讲,好让别人听见你说的。
另外, get, wish, want等动词后的宾补,动词不定式表达主动关系,被动关系则用过去分词。如:
do you want/need the song sung?你想要这歌给唱一下吗?
注意:let后的宾补,其被动语态必须用be+过去分词来表达。如:
let him be taken there.让他给带到那儿去吧。
八、形式宾语it+名词(形容词)+实际宾语。
实际宾语可以由to do结构或that等引导的从句所构成。如:
he made it a rule never to get up late.他定了个规矩,那就是从不晚起。
do you think it necessary to keep an english diary every day?你觉得。
有必要每天写一篇英语日记吗?
he felt it strange that she should/would be late for class.她上课也迟到,他倒觉得奇怪。
顺便提到的是,with后也可接复合宾语,但大体上只有以下两种情形:一是如果宾补涉及到的是动词,单从语态入手即可解决问题,即:复合宾语之间呈主动语态关系,宾补的动词用现在分词,反之则用过去分词;表达未来的动作,宾补的动词用不定式;此外,宾语后面直接跟逻辑表语。
限于篇幅,恕不一一赘述。
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