系动词。
英语系动词分为四类：
a．五大感官系动词b．状态系动词c．动态系动词d．双谓语系动词。
a．五大感官系动词都系动词。
look smell sound taste feel①“摸起来，给……感觉”；②觉得”
b．状态系动词：
be seem appear keep remain stay prove.
c．动态系动词：都属于半系动词，描述状态变化过程。
get“变成，变得……起来”，后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。
the days are getting longer and longer. the train didn’t get going again.
it’s nothing to get excited about. my watch gets out of order.
fall“进入（某种状态），成为”，后常接以下形容词：
asleep, lame, silent, ill, sick, flat.
grow“渐渐变得……起来，长得”
you will grow used to it. it’s growing warm.
turn“转变成（新的与原来完全不同的色彩或性质），变质（色）”。
maple trees turn red in autumn.
it was cloudy this morning, but fortunately it has turned fine.
he has turned writer.（注意：此时writer之前无冠词a.）
go，“变成（某种坏的状态）”
the telephone has gone dead. the tire went flat. the thieves must not go unpunished.
go之后常接的adj. 还有：bad, blind, wild, wrong, sour, hard, hungry, mad, red, with, anger, white, pale, blue, grey, naked等。.
become“变成，成为（好坏均可的情况）”
he became angry with me. it became dark. they became good friends.
i became interested in drawing.
come，“变成为（已知的状态），证实为”，后常接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作表语，表示状态或情况的变化。
his wish to become a pilot has come true.
if you look into the matter, everything will come clear.
my shoelaces h**e come undone.
后面常接的形容词还有：apart, dear（昂贵），natural, open, short, right（好了），unstuck（没有粘住），untied（松开）。
run,“变成”，后接adj. the well has run dry. the price ran high.
make，“达到某种状态[后接形容词]，如sure, certain, merry, bold, free
we must make certain of facts. the children make free with the apples.
d．双谓语系动词。
此类系动词既有系动词的功能，后接表语，又保留原实义动词本身的含义。
the run rose red.
she stopped and stood quite still.
the book lay open on the table.
the snow lay thick on the ground.
he married young.
the window blew open.
the dog has broken loose.
she blushed as red as a peony.
lei feng died young.
the material has worn thin.
the weather continued calm.
he continued silent.
系动词用法应注意的问题。
1有无进行时：系动词无，而实义动词有。
your hand feels cold.（无意识的静态性质。）
the doctor is feeling her pulse.
the soup tastes good.（静态性质，无进行时）
the cook is tasting the soup.（动态动作，有进行时）
the camels can smell the water a mile off.
the girl is smelling the flower.
the dinner smells good.
2系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题。
某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get, become, grow, turn等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用，表示渐进过程，其意思是“越来越……”
he is growing taller and taller. our life is getting better and better. the things are getting worse.
所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论： 作系动词用时，无被动语态，而作实义动词用时，才有被动语态。the apple is tasted by me.
3瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题：英语中某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段，since+时间点，how long until+时间，by + 时间，so far”等直接连用。例如：
不能说：he has become a teacher for 2 years.
应改为：he has been a teacher for 2 years.
不能说：he has turned writer since 3 years ago.
应改为：he has been a write since 3 years ago.
或it is two years since he turned writer.
不能说：he got angry until his child came back home.
应改为：he didn’t get angry until his child came back home.
4 系动词能接几种表语（从句）
系动词除了接adj..\prep.短语，某些adv.以外，还可接以下几种表语形式：
能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有：look（看起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），feel（觉得）；appear（显得），seem（似乎）。
it looks as if we are going to h**e snow.
he looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.
she seemed as if (though) she couldn’t understand why laura was there.
it sounds to me as though there’s a tap running somewhere.
she felt as if her head were splitting.
the river appeared as if enveloped in smog.
it seems as if it were spring already.
可用于“it+系动词+that从句”结构的有：seem, appear, 不可用be, look。
it seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.
好像他在工作中犯了严重错误。
it appeared that he was talking to himself.
好像他在自言自语。
能用不定式作表语的系动词有：be, seem, get, look, appear, prove, grow.
her job is to look after the children.
he seems not to look after the children.
he looks to be a young girl of twenty.
he didn’t appear to dislike it.
my advice proved to be wrong.
he will grow to like this work gradually.
④能与there连用的系动词有：be, appear, seem.
there appeared to be only one room.
there seems(to be)no need to go.
5．后接作表语的过去分词可构成系表结构。
能构成系表结构的系动词通常有两个：第一个是常见的be(is, am, was等)；第二个是get，口语中常用。当二者作系动词用时，它们均表示一种存在状态，而不表示被动动作；当二者作助动词用时，后接作谓语的过去分词构成被动语态。
get + 系表结构常用于以下两种情况：
1）表示偶然的、突发性的、意想不到的被动动作的结果或状态。
last night i got caught in the downpour. the new car got scratched.
2）表示对自身所作的事。如get dressed, get lost等。
john got wounded while playing football last saturday.
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