一、时间状语从句。
定义：用从句来表达一件事情或一个行为发生的时间。
一) before & after
before：“在……之前”，主句动作发生在从句动作之前 [主前从后]
after：“在……之后”，主句动作发生在从句动作之后 [主后从前]
he called me afterhe finished his homework.
2) as soon as 一……就…… 主将从现]
表示从句动作一发生，主句动作马上就发生。
i'll tell her everything as soon as she comes back.
as soon as i reached canada, i rang him up.
三) since 自从。
(1) 主句【现在完成时】+ since时间状语从句【一般过去时】
he has gone abroad since he was 20.
(2) it’s + 一段时间 + since时间状语从句【一般过去时】
it is 10 years since we became friends.
四) until
(1) 用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“直到……为止”。主句的动词必须是延续性的。
he will stay here until his mother comes back. [主将从现]
2) until用于否定句中，表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。一般可译为“直到……才……”或“直到……之前不要……”主句的动词多为非延续性。
don”t get off the bus until it has stopped.
the little girl didn’t stop crying until she saw her mom.
五) when & while & as
1) 理论基础。
三者都可表示“当……时”
while只接持续性动词，when/as持续、短暂都可以接。
while 多用于进行时态，when多用于一般时态。
2) 一般时while进行；进行when一般时。
the telephone rang while i was taking a bath.
i was reading a news***** when he came in.
(3) 事件对比用while（然而；却）
father was preparing a report while i was playing pc games.
he likes coffee while she likes tea.
(4) “随着”/“一边…一边”用 as
things are getting better and better as time goes on.
she sang as she went along.
二、原因状语从句。
because 因为（不与so连用）
1) because &because of
because引导原因状语从句。
because of 是介词短语，后跟n./pron./v-ing，句中作原因状语。
- why didn't he come here?
- he didn’t come here because he was ill.
- he didn’t come here because of his illness.
2) because & for & since & as
because 语气最强烈；for放句中，用来表示一种附带或补充解释、说明；
since & as 通常放句首，作“既然”讲。所接的原因是已知的事实或显而易见的原因。
as he was in a hurry, he left his bag home.
since she can’t answer this question, it’s better to ask someone else.
the day breaks, for the birds are singing.
三、目的状语从句。
so that = in order that 为了……/以便……
bob used the computer to finish the task so that he could s**e time.
1) 与so as to/in order to的区别。
so as to[不放句首]/in order to句中作目的状语。
i got up early this morning in order to catch the earliest underground.
2) so as to/in order to的否定：so as not to/in order not to
he studied even harder in order not to fail the exam.
四、结果状语从句。
一) so 所以（不与because连用）
i like this book very much, so i’m going to buy one.
二) so…that… &such…that… 这么……以至于……
(1) so…that…
修饰adj./adv.，即so…that之间没有n.
the tv show is so interesting that many people like watching it.
(2) such…that…
修饰n.，即such…that之间一定有n.
he is such an honest boy that everybody can trust him.
(3) 当名词前有many、much、(a) few、(a) little等词修饰时，句子中要用“so...that...而不能用“such...that...例如：
he has so little money that he can’t buy anything.
he has so many books that i can’t count them.
(4) 若little表示“小”时，要用such。如：
he is such a little boy that he can’t lift the box.
五、让步状语从句。
1) though = although = even though = even if：尽管；虽然（不能与but连用）
although/though everyone feels tired, they still study deep into the night.
2) though放句尾时，表示转折，意为“可是，不过”
it’s hard work;i enjoy it, though.
3) 形近词：as if/as though意为“好像”
六、条件状语从句。
一）if 如果。
1) if从句 + 祈使句：如果……就……
从句用一般现在时，主句用动词原形开头。主句和从句可以调换，注意逗号问题。
if you drive your car, don’t drink alcohol. =don’t drink alcohol if you drive your car.
2) if条件状语从句与“祈使句 + and/or + 简单句”的转换。
if you make full use of every minute of your day, you can succeed.
= make full use of every minute of your day, and you can succeed.
if you don’t hold your dream, you’ll regret.
= hold your dream, or you’ll regret.
2) if引导的主将从现状语从句：如果……
i won’t go out if it rains tomorrow.
3) if引导宾语从句的含义是“是否”：
主句一般现在时，从句时态根据需要而定；
主句一般过去时，从句用过去时态。
4) 引导宾语从句时，whether>if；引导状语从句时，只能用if
√ i’m wondering whether/if my friend will see me off at the airport.
× the teacher didn’t know if john had handed in his homework or not. (if→whether)
× you can share it with your friends whether you read a moving story. (whether→if)
（二）unless 除非。
don’t touch the instruments unless the teacher allows you.
you’ll miss the bus unless you hurry up.
（三）as long as 只要。
you may take this book away as long as you return it on time.
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