状语从句。
概念引入:状语从句是句法考试的重要内容。必须掌握以下语法知识:状语从句的引导词与介词的用法比较;状语从句中意义近似的连接词的用法比较;状语从句与定语从句引导词的用法比较等等。
状语从句的考查重点是意义近似的连接词的用法。考查状语从句的试题选项不仅有连词,有时还从定语从句和名词性从句的角度进行干扰,出现代词和介词。
le**e your key with a neighbor in case you lock yourself out one day.
目的状语从句:“给邻居留一把钥匙”的目的是“万一某一天把自己锁在门外”(时可以用到),从句表示主句动作的目的。
the field research will take joan and paul about five months; it will be a long time before we meet them again.
时间状语从句:“野外研究要花掉john和paul大约五个月,我们再次见到他们将是很长时间。before从句表示再次见到他们的时间。
i won’t call you, unless something unexpected happens.
条件状语从句:“给你打**”的条件是“意外的事情发生”。
语法讲解。时间状语从句。
1.when,while,as都可译为“当……的时候”,但侧重点有所不同。
当主句是瞬间动作而从句是延续动作时,三者都可以用。as强调主、从句动作同时或几乎同时发生。while从句的谓语必须是延续的,不能是非延续性动词。
she sang as we walked. i listened carefully while she was singing,and we felt happy when we got home.
我们一边走她一边唱,她唱的时候我认真听。到家的时候我们感觉很高兴。
2.until 和not...until
until要与延续性动词连用;not...until 要与非延续性动词连用。
he didn’t go to bed until his father came back.
3.特殊的时间状语从句的引导词:
1)the moment,the minute,the instant,the second;no sooner...than...hardly/scarcely...
when...等以及表示瞬间的directly,immediately,表示“一……就……”相当于as soon as。no sooner...
than...hardly/scarcely...when...
结构中no sooner和hardly/scarcely引导的句子中谓语动词通常用过去完成时,而than和when引导的句子中谓语动词通常要用一般过去时,此外,no sooner和hardly/scarcely位于句首时,句子应用部分倒装语序。
tell him the news the minute you meet tom.
hardly had i got home when it began to rain.
2)next time,the first time,last time,every time,the spring (summer,autumn,winter)等,这类短语名词直接用作连词引导时间状语从句。
every time i see him he wears a pleasant smile.
4.by the time 也可以引导时间状语从句,意为“到……时为止”,主句一般用完成时态。
by the time he was fourteen,einstein had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.(从句为一般过去时,主句要用过去完成时)
5.几组固定形式。
1)it will be+一段时间+before...多久之后才……
2)it is+一段时间+since...自从……以来已有多长时间了。
3) be about to do...when...be doing...when...on the point of doing...when...
it will be two days before he returns.
it is three years since i came here.
i was doing my homework when my cousin came.
原因状语从句。
1. because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后, because表示直接原因, 语气最强, 最适合回答 why引导的疑问句。
i do it because i like it.
我做这件事是因为我喜欢。
注意:“not ..because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句。
the country is not strong because it is large.
国强不在大。
2. since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、显然的理由(通常被翻译成“既然”),较为正式, 语气比because弱。
since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics.
既然今天你休息, 你最好帮我补习数学。
注意:seeing (that),now (that),considering (that),in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近, 都表示“既然”。
seeing (that) he refused to help us, there’s no reason that we should now help him.
他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们,我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。
in that he is ill, he feels unable to do it.
因为有病,他觉得做不了那件事。
3. as引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”,语气比since弱,较为正式,位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。
as it is raining, you’d better take a taxi.
既然在下雨,你最好乘出租汽车。
4. for引导的原因并列句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因, 只提供一些辅助性的补充说明,for引导的句子只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。
he could not h**e seen me, for i was not there.
他不可能见过我,因为我不在那里。
条件状语从句。
1. if 表示正面的条件,意为“如果”;unless (=if not) 表示负面的条件,意为“除非,如果不”。
if you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请求他,他会帮助你。
he is sure to come unless he has some urgent business.
他一定会来,除非他有急事。
2. in case,on condition that,providing,provided (that),supposing,suppose (that)等词汇意思相近, 指“假如, 假使, 在……条件下”(比if更为书面化)。
in case he comes, let me know.
如果他来的话,告诉我一声。
i will go, providing/provided (that) my expenses are paid.
只要我的费用有人付,我就去。
suppose/supposing (that) he does not come, what shall we do?
他要是不来,我们该怎么办?
3. as long as (=so long as) 表示充分必要条件,引导语气强烈的条件状语从句时,意为“只要”。
i will cooperate as long as i am notified on time.
只要及时告诉我,我就会合作。
you may use the book so long as you will return it on time.
只要你准时还,你就可以借这本书。
让步状语从句。
引导让步状语从句的连词有:though,although,even if/ though,however,no matter how,no matter what,no matter who等。
1.though,although引导让步状语从句时都不能和but连用,但可以同yet (still) 连用。
although he is rich,yet he is not happy.
2.as引导的让步从句时,从句要采用倒装语序。
child as /though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.
try hard as he will,he never seems to do the work well.
young as/though he is, he is expert in this field.
3.whether...or not意为“无论(是否)”。
whether you believe it or not,it is true.
4.however+形容词/副词= no matter how+形容词/ 副词……,意为“无论多么……”
no matter how cold it is,he still works outdoors.
5.whever等一系列连词既可引导让步状语从句相当于no matter wh,也可引导名词性从句。而no matter wh只能引导让步状语从句,不能引导名词性从句。
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