情态动词(ⅰ)
概念引入。the classroom can seat thirty students. 这教室能坐三十位学生。
you must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。
it is cold in the room. they must h**e turned off the heating.
屋里很冷,他们肯定把暖气关了。
it must / may / might / could h**e rained last night .the ground is wet.
地湿了,昨晚肯定/可能/也许下雨了。
注意这些句子中的斜体词部分,都是情态动词,这些情态动词看着很熟悉,但是也有点陌生,如后两个句子中与h**e done连用。究竟哪些词属于情态动词呢?它们各自都有什么用法呢?
为什么情态动词有时需要与h**e done连用呢?从此单元开始,我们就小结一下情态动词的用法。
语法讲解。概念及shall/should
概念。在动词(一般动词)之前形成动词的否定,疑问,时态,语态,语气或表示特殊意义的动词叫做助动词,其中具有感**彩一些助动词叫做情态动词。
分类: be动词, h**e, do;--助动词。
shall, should, will would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used和had better. -情态动词。
例如:---what was the something you saw? 你看见的是什么?
---i…, i couldn’t say. 我不能说。
---you couldn’t say or you wouldn’t say? 你不能说还是你不愿意说?
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,但要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用,给谓语动词增添情态色彩,表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法,认为其可能、应该或必要等。情态动词后面加动词原形。
shall
1. shall在纯表示将来的陈述句中只用于第一人称。
2. 在问句中征求对方的意见和指示的时候常用于第。
一、三人称。
shall i post your letter for you?
shall we carry your baggage?
henry is waiting outside. shall he come in?
3. 用于第。
二、三人称,表示说话人的许诺、命令、警告、威胁或允诺等。
tell jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice.
you shall be punished for what you’ve done.
should
1. 构成过去将来时作为shall的过去时。
he asked me whether i should be free tonight.
2. 表示主语的义务或责任。
you shouldn’t eat between meals, for it will make you fat.
3. 表示很大的可能性,常译为“按道理说应该”。
there should be a double “m” in the word swimming.
4. 用于否定句、疑问句表示“竟然”,含意外、惊异、愤怒、失望等语气。
why should you be so late today?
i don’t understand why you should think that i did it.
5. 在if 从句中表示“万一”。
ask tom to ring me up if you should see him.
6. 重要句型:should h**e done 表示过去没有做到本来应该做的事情。
shouldn’t h**e done 做了本来不应该做的事情。
you should h**e given him more help.
you shouldn’t h**e left home without saying a word.
can/could(could是can的过去时)
1)表示能力。如:
he can speak english better than you.
can和be able to都可表示能力,两者在意思上没有什么区别。但是can只能有现在式和过去式could,而be able to则有更多的形式,可位于情态动词之后表达过去成功地做了某事。如:
he will be able to do the work better.
he was able to finish the work on time.
2)表示客观的可能性,也可以表示一时的情况,意为:有时候会。
accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
according to the radio, it could rain this afternoon.
it can be very hot here in summer.
3)表示“许可”时can可以和may换用,如:
如果要表示语气婉转,可用could代替can,这时could不再是can的过去式,注意回答时不能用could,而用can。
you can (may) go home now.
---could you come again tomorrow?
---yes, i can./ no, i can’t.
4) 在疑问句和否定句中表示推测、怀疑、惊奇、不相信的态度。如:
can this green bike be liu dong’s?
how can you believe such a liar like him?
5) could h**e done有虚拟的含义,即“本来能够做,但事实上却没有做”。例如:
you could h**e told me earlier.
i could h**e helped her.
i could h**e passed the exam if i had worked harder.
may/might (might是may的过去式)
1)表示允许或许可,否定用mustn’t, 表禁止。如:
---may we swim in this lake?
---no, you mustn’t. it’s too dangerous.
肯定可以用比较婉转的说法进行回答。如:
---may i use this dictionary?
---yes, please. /certainly. /yes, you can.
2)在表示请求时,用might比may 语气更婉转些, 如:
may i h**e a look at your new computer?
注意:may i…?在文体上较正式,较客气,日常口语中常用can i…?
3)may或 might都可以表示可能性,表示“或许”、“可能”之意,might表示语气更加不肯定,如:
they may (might) be in the library now .
he is absent. he may/ might be ill.
2015 陕西高考) the person who sets out late might be careless in driving.
4) may h**e done表示“某一事件在过去发生的可能性”。如:
why hasn’t she come?
she may h**e missed the train.
另外,might h**e done还有虚拟的含义,表示“与事实相反”。如:
you were stupid to try climbing up there. you might h**e killed yourself.
5) may用于祈使句,表示祝愿。如:
may you h**e a happy life.
may you succeed.
比较:wish you a happy new year. wish you success.
must和h**e to
must1)must表示“必须”、“应该”之意,语气比should, ought to强烈, 其否定式 must not,缩写形式为 mustn’t,表示 “不准”、或“禁止”之意,如:
we must study hard and make progress every day.
you mustn’t touch the fire.
2) 对以must提出的疑问句,如作否定回答时,要用needn’t或用don’t (doesn’t) h**e to (不必)来回答,而不用mustn’t,因为mustn’t表示的是“禁止”或“不许可”之意,如:
---must we finish the work tomorrow?
---no, you needn’t (don’t h**e to), but you must finish it in three days.
3) must可以表示推测,表示“一定”或“必定”之意,只用于肯定句中。如:
---whose new bike can it be?
---it must be liu dong’s. i know his father has just bought him a new one.
you must be ill. i can see it from your face.
4) must h**e done 用于对过去或已经完成的事情的推测。
must be doing 用于对现在正在进行的事情的推测。
it must be raining outside. 外面一定在下雨。
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