宾语从句（讲解） 2012-4
一、宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型。
1. 由that引导的宾语从句。
we knew (that) we should learn from each other.
the radio says (that) the clouds will lift later on.
2. 由if/whether引导的宾语从句。
whether可与if互换，但如果作介词的宾语时或是宾语从句提置句首时只能用whether,不能用if引导这个宾语从句。
please tell me if/whether you h**e been to america.
i wonder if/whether you h**e told the news to mary.
whether he is an expert, i don’t mind.
3. 由what(什么)，who(谁)，which（哪一个），whose（谁的），whoever（无论谁），whatever（无论什么）whichever （无论哪一个）连接代词；或when(什么时候)，where(在什么地方),wherever(无论哪儿),why(为什么)，how(怎样)，how long (多长时间),how soon(多久以后)等连接副词引导的宾语从句。
can you tell me how i can get to the nearest post office？
i will tell you why i was late for the meeting.
i wonder what he is writing to me about.
she want to see which shops offered the best service.
二、引导词、语序和时态。
1. 引导词。
如果从句是陈述句，引导词用that（that在口语或非正式文体中常省略）；如果从句是一般疑问句，引导词用if/whether；如果从句是特殊疑问句，引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。
2. 语序。
陈述句变为宾语从句，语序不变，即仍用陈述语序。如：
he is an honest boy. the teacher said. →the teacher said（that）he was an honest boy.
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句，语序变为陈述语序。如：
does he work hard? i wonder. →i wonder if/whether he works hard.
when did he le**e? i don’t know. →i don’t know when he left.
3. 时态。
如果主句是现在的时态，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：
i h**e heard（that）he will come back next week.
如果主句是过去的某种时态，那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如：
he said（that）there were no classes yesterday.
注意：如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时，不管主句是什么时态，从句都要用一般现在时。如：
he said that light tr**els much faster than sound.
三、人称的变化和标点的使用。
1.从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：
may i use your knife？”he asked me. →he asked me if he might use my knife.
do you know her telephone number？”he asked me. →he asked me if i know her telephone number.
2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用问号。如：
who will give us a talk? i don’t know. →i don’t know who will give us a talk.
do you know？where does he live? →do you know where he lives?
四、从句的简化。
1. 当主句谓语动词是find，see，watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为“宾语＋宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或v-ing形式。如：
she found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground. →she found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.
2. 当主句谓语动词是hope，wish，decide，forget，plan，agree等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：
she agreed that she could help me with my maths . she agreed to help me with my maths.
3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词＋不定式”结构。如：
can you tell me how i can get to the station？→can you tell me how to get to the station?
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