托福写作语法

发布 2021-05-11 11:50:28 阅读 5983

短语:和传统语法中的短语定义并不相同,实际运用中频率很高,同位语和介词短语,曾经是心中永远的痛之一,可以理解为插入语,也可以是修饰成分

1.名词短语:在写作中,多用名词短语而非单个名词做主语或宾语。例如,

the well-dressed young man named shawn.

2.同位语短语 :跟在一个名词或者代词后面补充说明的成分。分为限定性和不限定性,这里的限定的定义也适合所谓的定语从句。

非限定性同位语用 2个逗号将其和句子隔开,例如,

shawn, a well-known teacher, was unemployed. ,认识我的人一看就知道,已经非常具体了,因此后面的同位语并不是起到限定和区别的作用,除非天下有千千万万个。

shawn...

限定性同位语不用逗号隔开,例如,

a well-known teacher shawn was unemployed.出名的老师多了去了,加上一个 shawn就限定这一个老师不是其他的著名的老师。检验一个同位语是不是限定性可以将其去掉,看对前面的名词是否有影响。

3.动词短语。

系动词。表语:一个名词短语,回指主语。

shawn becomes a well-known teacher.

谓语形容词:一个描述性形容词,回指主语。

shawn is handsome.

行为动词。零补语:一个不及物动词。

shawn smiled.

直接宾语:一个名词短语做宾语。

shawn loves the students.

双重宾语:一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语。

shawn brings the students a present.

辨别间接和直接宾语:间接宾语往往可以在前面加上

for或者

to”。例如,

shawn brings a present for the students.

宾语和宾补:两个名词短语,都指同一个人或事。例如,

shawn considered edison the man.(edison=the man)

双重宾语与动词有关,是动词的内容;宾补结构只涉及两个名词短语。

宾语和形容词宾补:形容词要回指宾语。例如,

shawn believed edison capable.

4.介词短语

1)用作形容词的介词短语:

the students in the neworiental school

admired shawn.

名词短语一般是这样的顺序,形容词

名词 介词短语,例如,

the brilliant students from shawn's class are always happy.

作为形容词的介词短语作为主语的一个问题就是主谓一致:

a group of shawn's students are good at chinese as well.

这是经常性错误,这里的

be动词应该用 is

2)用作副词的介词短语。

修饰动词:如果介词短语能够像副词一样,转移到句首,句子依旧正确,那么该介词短语就是修饰动词的介词短语。

例如: the students shake shawn's hand after class.

也作: after class, the students shake shawn's hand.

因此, after class是修饰动词 shake,说明什么时候 shake

修饰表语形容词:

shawn is unhappy with the current situation.很明显,不能是修饰名词,也不可能修饰动词,因为介词短语的位置不能转移。

修饰副词:

the prince and princess lived happily in the castle. in the castle修饰副词 happily

非谓语动词。

1、动名词短语。

注意: 1.动名词短语永远是单数

2.阅读中遇见动名词短语可以用

it代替,提高阅读的效率。

3.写作中运用动名词短语可以变换句型,使句子简短。

4.如何区别表语和现在进行时:

现在进行时是可以变成其他时态的,而充当表语的动名词短语却不行,动名词短语可以用

it代替并且句子依旧成立。

his main activity is watching daytime tv.

his main activity watched daytime tv.

he is watching daytime tv.

he watched daytime tv.

2、分词短语。

注意: 1.现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,一个

boring的老师让学生烦,一个被学生烦恼的老师。

2.名词不要单独放,有三个选择可以修饰:形容词,形容性从句,分词短语。不要滥用从句,分词短语使句子简洁。

3.用分词短语修饰名词然后做主语时,谓语单复数由名词决定,不要因为修饰成分而忘记了。

the reporters covering the news/the man wearing the silly shirt

the houses located on the beach

4.用一用经常在阅读**现的非限定性分词短语,显出长短句结合以及变化。

shawn,muttering under his breath,returned to work.

shawn,upset by yu,vowed revenge.

5.阅读中的指示题经常会遇到,影响阅读效率之一的问题:非限定性分词短语可以从他修饰的名词移开,悬垂分词。

muttering under his breath, shawn returned to work.

upset by yu, shawn vowed revenge.

当分词短语实际上没有修饰主语时,产生悬垂分词。

wrapped in beatiful *****,shawn g**e yu his christmas surprise.

3、不定式短语

注意: 1.不定式做主语永远是单数,用不定式做主语可以达到变换句型,强调目的的作用。

用作形容词的不定式短语

the need to sleep was nearly overwhelming.

we marked the items to be put on sale.

here is a list of drags for women to **oid during the pregnancy.

注意:用作形容词的不定式短语可用代词替换来检验。

用作副词的不定式短语

i stayed up all night to finish my book.

they sold the bonds to invest in stock market.

we finally moved into a hotel for the kids to get some sleep.

注意: 1.用作副词的不定式短语一般用来回答

why的问题,可在

to前面加上 in order来检验。

2.和副词一样,用作副词的不定式短语也可以移到句首,后面用逗号隔开,因此也要注意悬垂的问题。

用于修饰表语形容词的不定式短语

we are ready to go.

i am anxious to start packing for our trip.

they are ready for us to come in for dinner now.

注意:与用作副词修饰动词的不定式短语的区别,可以用移位的方法。

快速提高托福写作水平的几个捷径:

1、主语的丰富化:不定式、名词性从句、名词

形容词性从句、名词

介词短语、名词

插入语、动名词短语、分词短语、

2、以副词性从句开头:

时间: before the movie even started,

i had finished my popcorn.

when the movie starts, the theater gets really quiet.

地点: where the accident had occurred, we found broken glass.

everywhere she went, the lamb followed mary.

原因: because she has to lock up tonight, sue needs the key.

since it was getting pretty one-sided, we left the game early.

条件: if

i were you, i wouldn’t do that.

unless you want to go yourself,

fred will go to the meeting.

让步: although he didn’t want to, fred went to the meeting.

even though none of us were very hungry,

we went to dinner.

3、形容性从句修饰名词:要注意关系代词在从句中充当成分

i met with the real estate agent who sold us our house.

she married a man whom she had met at work.

i contacted the person whose car i bumped into.

i finally read the book that you told me about.

i took the test which is regarded as the most difficult one.

4、名词性从句:作为名词用代词

it检验 what he does for a living is a big mystery.

i know that you are right.

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