短语:和传统语法中的短语定义并不相同,实际运用中频率很高,同位语和介词短语,曾经是心中永远的痛之一,可以理解为插入语,也可以是修饰成分
1.名词短语:在写作中,多用名词短语而非单个名词做主语或宾语。例如,
the well-dressed young man named shawn.
2.同位语短语 :跟在一个名词或者代词后面补充说明的成分。分为限定性和不限定性,这里的限定的定义也适合所谓的定语从句。
非限定性同位语用 2个逗号将其和句子隔开,例如,
shawn, a well-known teacher, was unemployed. ,认识我的人一看就知道,已经非常具体了,因此后面的同位语并不是起到限定和区别的作用,除非天下有千千万万个。
shawn...
限定性同位语不用逗号隔开,例如,
a well-known teacher shawn was unemployed.出名的老师多了去了,加上一个 shawn就限定这一个老师不是其他的著名的老师。检验一个同位语是不是限定性可以将其去掉,看对前面的名词是否有影响。
3.动词短语。
系动词。表语:一个名词短语,回指主语。
shawn becomes a well-known teacher.
谓语形容词:一个描述性形容词,回指主语。
shawn is handsome.
行为动词。零补语:一个不及物动词。
shawn smiled.
直接宾语:一个名词短语做宾语。
shawn loves the students.
双重宾语:一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语。
shawn brings the students a present.
辨别间接和直接宾语:间接宾语往往可以在前面加上
for或者
to”。例如,
shawn brings a present for the students.
宾语和宾补:两个名词短语,都指同一个人或事。例如,
shawn considered edison the man.(edison=the man)
双重宾语与动词有关,是动词的内容;宾补结构只涉及两个名词短语。
宾语和形容词宾补:形容词要回指宾语。例如,
shawn believed edison capable.
4.介词短语
1)用作形容词的介词短语:
the students in the neworiental school
admired shawn.
名词短语一般是这样的顺序,形容词
名词 介词短语,例如,
the brilliant students from shawn's class are always happy.
作为形容词的介词短语作为主语的一个问题就是主谓一致:
a group of shawn's students are good at chinese as well.
这是经常性错误,这里的
be动词应该用 is
2)用作副词的介词短语。
修饰动词:如果介词短语能够像副词一样,转移到句首,句子依旧正确,那么该介词短语就是修饰动词的介词短语。
例如: the students shake shawn's hand after class.
也作: after class, the students shake shawn's hand.
因此, after class是修饰动词 shake,说明什么时候 shake
修饰表语形容词:
shawn is unhappy with the current situation.很明显,不能是修饰名词,也不可能修饰动词,因为介词短语的位置不能转移。
修饰副词:
the prince and princess lived happily in the castle. in the castle修饰副词 happily
非谓语动词。
1、动名词短语。
注意: 1.动名词短语永远是单数
2.阅读中遇见动名词短语可以用
it代替,提高阅读的效率。
3.写作中运用动名词短语可以变换句型,使句子简短。
4.如何区别表语和现在进行时:
现在进行时是可以变成其他时态的,而充当表语的动名词短语却不行,动名词短语可以用
it代替并且句子依旧成立。
his main activity is watching daytime tv.
his main activity watched daytime tv.
he is watching daytime tv.
he watched daytime tv.
2、分词短语。
注意: 1.现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动,一个
boring的老师让学生烦,一个被学生烦恼的老师。
2.名词不要单独放,有三个选择可以修饰:形容词,形容性从句,分词短语。不要滥用从句,分词短语使句子简洁。
3.用分词短语修饰名词然后做主语时,谓语单复数由名词决定,不要因为修饰成分而忘记了。
the reporters covering the news/the man wearing the silly shirt
the houses located on the beach
4.用一用经常在阅读**现的非限定性分词短语,显出长短句结合以及变化。
shawn,muttering under his breath,returned to work.
shawn,upset by yu,vowed revenge.
5.阅读中的指示题经常会遇到,影响阅读效率之一的问题:非限定性分词短语可以从他修饰的名词移开,悬垂分词。
muttering under his breath, shawn returned to work.
upset by yu, shawn vowed revenge.
当分词短语实际上没有修饰主语时,产生悬垂分词。
wrapped in beatiful *****,shawn g**e yu his christmas surprise.
3、不定式短语
注意: 1.不定式做主语永远是单数,用不定式做主语可以达到变换句型,强调目的的作用。
用作形容词的不定式短语
the need to sleep was nearly overwhelming.
we marked the items to be put on sale.
here is a list of drags for women to **oid during the pregnancy.
注意:用作形容词的不定式短语可用代词替换来检验。
用作副词的不定式短语
i stayed up all night to finish my book.
they sold the bonds to invest in stock market.
we finally moved into a hotel for the kids to get some sleep.
注意: 1.用作副词的不定式短语一般用来回答
why的问题,可在
to前面加上 in order来检验。
2.和副词一样,用作副词的不定式短语也可以移到句首,后面用逗号隔开,因此也要注意悬垂的问题。
用于修饰表语形容词的不定式短语
we are ready to go.
i am anxious to start packing for our trip.
they are ready for us to come in for dinner now.
注意:与用作副词修饰动词的不定式短语的区别,可以用移位的方法。
快速提高托福写作水平的几个捷径:
1、主语的丰富化:不定式、名词性从句、名词
形容词性从句、名词
介词短语、名词
插入语、动名词短语、分词短语、
2、以副词性从句开头:
时间: before the movie even started,
i had finished my popcorn.
when the movie starts, the theater gets really quiet.
地点: where the accident had occurred, we found broken glass.
everywhere she went, the lamb followed mary.
原因: because she has to lock up tonight, sue needs the key.
since it was getting pretty one-sided, we left the game early.
条件: if
i were you, i wouldn’t do that.
unless you want to go yourself,
fred will go to the meeting.
让步: although he didn’t want to, fred went to the meeting.
even though none of us were very hungry,
we went to dinner.
3、形容性从句修饰名词:要注意关系代词在从句中充当成分
i met with the real estate agent who sold us our house.
she married a man whom she had met at work.
i contacted the person whose car i bumped into.
i finally read the book that you told me about.
i took the test which is regarded as the most difficult one.
4、名词性从句:作为名词用代词
it检验 what he does for a living is a big mystery.
i know that you are right.
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