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词法。第1章主谓一致。
一。概念:主谓一致是指:
1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:
there is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:
ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
二。相关知识点精讲。
1.并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:
reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。
注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:
the iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。
典型例题。the league secretary and monitor __asked to make a speech at the meeting.
a. is b. was c. are d. were
答案b. 注: 先从时态上考虑。
这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除a.,c。本题易误选d,因为the league secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。
后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选b。
2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则
1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:
there is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。
there are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。
2)当either...or...与neither...
nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:
either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。
here is a pen, a few envelops and some ***** for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。
3.谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:
the teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。
he as well as i wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。
4. 谓语需用单数的情况。
1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:
each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。
there is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。
2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:
the arabian night is a book known to lovers of english. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。
3)表示金钱,时间,**或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:
three weeks was allowed for ****** the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。
ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。
5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:
all is right. 一切顺利。
all are present. 人都到齐了。
2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:
his family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。
his family are music lovers. 他家个个都是**爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:
are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?
3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:
a number of +名词复数+复数动词。
the number of +名词复数+单数动词。
a number of books h**e lent out.
the majority of the students like english.
6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况。
1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:
most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。
most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。
2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: a series of accidents has been reported.
**报道了一连串的事故。
a pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。
3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than...of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。
例如:many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。
more than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。
三。巩固练习。
) 1. the number of people invitedfifty, but a number of themabsent for different reasons.
a. were, wasb. was, was
c. was, wered. were, were
) 2. e-mail, as well as telephonesan important part in daily communication.
a. is playingb. h**e played
c. are playingd. play
) 3of the land in that districtcovered with trees and grass.
a. two fifth, isb. two fifth, are
c. two fifths, isd. two fifths, are
) 4. ten minutesa long time for one who waits.
a. seemb. seems
c. seemedd. are seemed
) 5. eric is the only one of the boys who __a driving license.
a. hasb. h**e
c. is h**ingd. are h**ing'
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