虚拟语气。
the subjunctive mood:
虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜测、建议或与事实不符的假设等，也可以表示可能性较小的情况或不可能发生的情况，而不是客观存在的事实（表示客观事实要用陈述语气）。虚拟语气是由句中谓语动词的特殊形式表现出来的。虚拟语气常用于复合句中，也可用于简单句。
一、虚拟语气的用法。
i. present unreal:
l if i (you, he / she, we, they) +动词过去式 (were, did, had, etc.),should / would / could / might + 动词原形
if i had hiv, i would know because i would fell sick.
if i were you, i would give an aids patient a hug.
ii. past unreal:
l if i (you, he / she, we, they) +had + 过去分词， should / would / could / might + h**e + 过去分词。
if she had told him about the danger, he would not h**e got hurt.
if i had known more about giving first aid, i could h**e helped them.
iii. future impossible:
1. if i (you, he / she, we, they) +动词过去式 (were, did, had, etc.),should / would / could / might + 动词原形
if the teacher asked me to solve the problem next time, i could try my best.
2. if i (you, he / she, we, they) should +动词原形， …should / would / could / might + 动词原形。
if he should fail in the experiment this time, he would try again.
3. if i (you, he / she, we, they) +were to +动词原形， should / would / could / might +动词原形。
if we were to panic, we would not be able to help.
二、虚拟语气应该注意的问题。
i. 关于假使条件虚拟语气需注意的几点。
1. 如果从句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词发生的时间不一致， 这种假设条件句叫错综时间条件虚拟语气。 其主句和从句谓语动词的构成要根据所假设的时间而定。
1) if i had taken the medicine, i would be better now. 如果我服用了那种药的话， 现在就会好些了。
2) if the weather had been finer, the crops would be growing still better. 如果(前些日子)天气更好些， 庄稼一定会长得更好。
2. if it were not for / had not been for… 也是一种条件虚拟语气从句， 译为 “要不是因为……”
1) if it hadn’t been for the doctor, he wouldn’t h**e recovered so soon.
2) if it were not for the lack of space, we would hold the sports meet today.
3. 有些条件是由一些短语引出的 (but for, with, without; otherwise, or, but, etc,)
1) we couldn’t h**e achieved so much without your help (=if we had not had your help).
2) without solar radiation, animals and plants would die.
3) with better equipment, we could h**e done it better.
4) but for electricity (=if there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.
5) i should h**e returned the book last week, but i was so busy that i forgot to do so.
6) he was h**ing a meeting; otherwise he would h**e come over to help us.
7) he felt very tired yesterday, or he would h**e attended the party.
4. 在某些隐含的虚拟条件简单句中， 虚拟语气可通过上下文表现出来。 谓语动词用虚拟形式。
1) any men in his position would h**e done ｌｉthat.
2) you should (ought to) h**e come earlier.
ii. 虚拟语气祈使语气的混合使用。
在有些情况下， 条件从句中的谓语由”should + 原形动词” 构成， 这时主句的谓语动词既可以是虚拟语气或陈述语气， 也可以是祈使语气。
1. if it should rain, the plan will / would be called off.
2. should anyone phone, please tell them i’m busy.
3. even if (if) it should get stormy, i will go.
iii. 表示要求， 建议， 命令的虚拟语气。
表示要求， 建议， 命令的从句中， 谓语动词要用should + 原形动词， 其中可以should 省略。 下列例句可以表示这种虚拟语气。
a. 主宾语从句表示法： suggest, order, request, advise, require, insist, ask, demand, command, propose等动词后面的宾语从句要用原形动词should + 原形动词， 可以省略。
1. the doctor advised that i (should) take a rest.
2. the london dockers demanded that their wages (should) be raised.
3. he insisted that the meeting (should) not be put off.
l 当suggest, insist 等动词表示”暗示， 坚持说” 时， 其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气， 要用陈述语气。
1. are you suggesting that i am not suited for the job?
2. he insisted that he was innocent.
b. 主语从句表示法： 当以上动词用在下列句型中时， 主语从句也应该用should + 原形动词
1. it is suggested that the building (should) be pulled down.
2. it is ordered that the work (should) be started at once.
l 在it is (was) strange (necessary, wonderful, important, etc.) that…句型中， strange, necessary等后面的主语从句中用should + 原形动词， should可以省略。
3. it is strange that he (should) refuse to come to the party.
4. it is necessary that a doctor (should) be sent for at once.
5. it is important that we should learn from toehrs.
e. 表语从句表示法。
suggestion, proposal, order, advice, demand 等名词作主语时， 其后面的表语从句中也用虚拟语气， 即should + 原形动词， should 也可以省略。
1) my advice is that you (should) give up smoking.
c. wish 后面所跟宾语从句要求谓语动词用虚拟语气。
i wish that she were here with me and that we weren’t sick.
i wish i had sent the old man to hospital in time.
d. 在as if引起的从句中，动词一般用虚拟语气， 通常用were
people treat me as if i were a dangerous person.
i remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.
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