一。on表示在一物体上，强调两物相接触，over也表示在一物体上，但强调覆盖这一物体。试比较：
she put her coat on the bed. 她把大衣放在床上。
she put her coat over the sleeping baby. 她把大衣盖在那正在睡觉的孩子身上。
there’s a magazine lying open on the table.桌上有本杂志翻开着。
there’s a cloth over the table. 桌上摊着一块台布。
the woman lifted a big jar on her head. 那位妇女头上顶着一只大坛子。
she put her hands over her face. 她用手遮住脸。
over表示“越过”某一高度，具有动态之意，on仅表示“处于……之上”，是静态。试比较：
they dragged he**y stones with ropes over their shoulders. 他们肩背绳索拖拽巨石。(绳在肩膀两边弯下去，不用on。)
to my horror, i saw, over my father’s shoulder, a gorilla, the worst enemy of the soldier in africa. 使我感到恐怖的是，从我父亲的肩膀上看过去，我发现非洲士兵最危险的敌人---一只大猩猩。(视线越过肩膀后，一直向前方延伸，不用on.
)the farmers walked to their fields with hoes on their shoulders. 农民们肩上扛着锄头，向田地走去。(仅表示锄头所处的位置。
是静态，用on，不用over. )
over和above都可以用来表示“高于”，相当于“higher than”。例如：
the water came up over/above our knees. 水已涨至我们膝盖之上。
can you see the birds flying above/over the pear trees? 你看到那一片梨树上空飞翔的鸟吗？
如果要表示“覆盖”或“越过”，则用over。如：
there’s thick cloud over the south of england. 英格兰南部地区一片乌云。
electricity cables went over the fields. 电缆线越过田野。(这句也可以用across)
指数量时，我们一般用 over(＝more than)表示“超过”，但如果指上下垂直的度量以及海拔高度时，要用above。试比较：
you h**e to be over 18 to see this film. 你得超过十八岁才能看这部电影。(不用above)
the temperature is three degrees above zero. 温度在零上三度。(不用over)
the mountain is over(＝more than)4,000 metres above (higher than) sealevel. 那座山海拔有四千多米高。
over表示在某人或某物的正上方，反义词是under。
above表示位置高于某人或某物。但不一定是正上方，反义词是below.
二。and“和”，连接两个名词，代词或两个形容词等语法作用相同的词语。但否定句中用or。但如果前后名词都用no修饰，则可以用and。
the air was so warm and bright.
it has no feet or legs.
it has no eyes and no ears.
i h**e no sister or brother.
“然后”。用于连接两句有时间上先后的句子。
she washed the dishes and dried them.
表示目的，意图。用于go, come, stop, run, stay等动词后。
come and h**e a drink.
go and buy one.
“只要……就会……”如果……那么……”用于祈使句后，表示条件与结果的关系。
knock on the door, and it will be opened.
come late again, and you’ll be fired.
but但是，可是，而，却。
he is in poor health, but he still kept working.
用在表示歉意的话后，引起一个分句，这个but通常不译成汉语。
excuse me, but can you tell me how to get to the railway station?
不与although/though (“虽然，尽管”)连用。
though he is old, he works hard.
he is old, but he works hard.
作介词，表示“除了……之外”。
she did nothing but watch tv.
or “一般疑问句+ or+被选择的部分”构成选择疑问句。
do you like apples or pears?
would you like tea or coffee?
“祈使句+or +陈述句”，表示 “…否则，……
hurry up, or you will be late.
work hard, or you cannot pass this exam.
“和”，否定句中代替and。
i don’t like bananas or pears.
or 连接并列主语时，谓语动词的人称要与最后的那个主语保持一致。
either you or he is right. 要么你要么他是对的。
or so 大约，左右。
i’ll be there in an hour or so.
同步练习：hurry upyou’ll be late for school.
who’s the youngest, rose, helenbetty?
work hard, _you will succeed.
excuse mecould you tell me the way to the post office?
i’ll see you either on monday __on tuesday.
put your coat on __you’ll be cold.
i’m sorrycould you repeat that, please?
there is no one here __me.
she can do anything __sing.
the sky is blueeverything is beautiful.
we were very tired __we were very happy.
he never smokesdrinks.
there is no air __water on the moon.
your classroom is clean __tidy.
my house is small __lovely.
lucy worked hard at english __she came first in the english exam.
it is hot today, _some boys are still playing basketball outside.
people can’t live without air __water.
the summer palace is large __beautiful.
he looks tall and strong __he is afraid to go out at night.
we had no water __food at that time.
hurry up! _we will be late!
come onyou will win the match.
be carefulyou will hurt yourself!
he usually goes to school by bus __by bike.
江苏13城市中考试题汇编：
) 1. we didn't enjoy the picnic __there was a sudden rain. (08连云港）
ifb. butc. becaused. however
) 2. work hard, _you'll pass the english exam this time. (08扬州）
orb. butc. becaused. and
) 3. he was sure his dad would beat him, but his father didn'the picked up his
crying son and kissed him. (08淮安)
thereforeb. indeedc. instead d. but
keys：1. or 2.
or 3. and 4. but 5.
or 6. or 7. but 8.
but 9. but 10. and
11. but 12. or 13.
or 14. and 15. but 16.
and 17. but 18. or 19.
and 20. but
21. or 22. or 23. and 24. or 25. or
1. c 2. d 3. c
三。h**e gone to和h**e been to的区别和用法
**：时间：2010-04-24
作者：h**e gone to意为“到某地去”，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一人称、第二人称代词作句子的主语。如：
—where is jim？——吉姆在**？
—he has gone to england．——他去英国了。（尚未回来）
mr wang isn't here．he has gone to qingdao．王先生不在这里。他去青岛了。
h**e been to意为“曾经去过某地”，现在已不在那里了，后可接次数，如once，twice，three times等，表示“去过某地几次”，也可和 just，never，ever等连用。如：
my father has been to beijing twice．我父亲去过北京两次。
i h**e never been to the great wall．我从未去过长城。
h**e been in表示“在某地呆了多少时间”，常与时间段状语连用。如：
i h**e been in shanghai for three years．我到上海已有三年了。
he has been in london for half a month．他来伦敦已有半个月了。
几组近义词辨析
作者 明空。初中生之友 中旬刊 2018年第08期。释义 八面玲珑 原指窗户宽敞明亮，后用来形容人处世圆滑，不得罪任何一方。面面俱到 指各方面都照顾到，没有遗漏。辨析 前者多含贬义，偏重于处世圆滑。后者是中性词，侧重于应付得十分周到。例句 王熙凤做人八面玲珑，讨得了贾府上上下下的欢心。写文章要突出重...
英语考试中常考的近义词辨析素材
1 accept,receive accept 强调主观意愿决定 接受 收受 receive 表示 收到 别人给予 或邮寄 送达 的东西，不含收件人是否愿意接受之义。he asked me to marry him and iaccepted.他向我求婚，我答应了。ireceiveda phone ...
中考英语近义词辨析
一 首先是明白funny与fun词性不同 funny是形容词，意为 有趣的，滑稽的，奇怪的 fun是名词，意为 有趣的事 二 两者含义上也有差别 funny表示 有趣的，滑稽的 它指的是一种滑稽可笑的 有趣 侧重点是让人觉得好玩或发笑。而fun则主要指 有趣，好玩 不像funny那样强调 滑稽 三 ...