定语从句复习。
用来说明主句中某一名词或代词（有时也可说明整个主句或主句中一部分）而起定语作用的句子叫作定语从句。
一．词引导的定语从句。
1. 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词。
例１：this is the detective who came from london.
例２：the book which i am reading is written by tomas hardy.
例３：the desk whose leg is broken is very old.
例４：this is the room that shakespeare was born in.
．关系代词的用法。
(1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：
all the people that are present burst into tears.
(2) 如果先等词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, mush, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which, who，或whom。例如：
(3) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。例如：
there are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。例如：
he succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.
(5) that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。
(6) which可作表语，既可指人，以可指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征．品性或才能的人。which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。
(7) 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。
(8) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。例如：
the boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
(9) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which。例如：
is there anyone here who will go with you?
．“介词＋关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构。
(1) “介词＋关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词＋关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。
(2) from where为“介词＋关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：
we stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town..
(3) 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：
this is the boy whom she has taken care of.
二．关系副词引导的定语从句。
1．关系副词也可以引导定语从句。
关系副词在从句中分别表示时间．地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。
2. that可引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因。
that有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间．地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定语从句中，that也可以省去。
三．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。
1．二者差异比较。
限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词．关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。
2．关系代词和关系副词的选择依据。
(1) 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分，作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语．宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。
3. 先行词与定语从句隔离。
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。例如：
1) this is the article written by him that is poke to you about..
2) he was the only person in this country who was invited
四．as在定语从句中的用法。
1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
（１）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。
（２）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。例如：
the elephant’s nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.
（３）the same… that与 the same …as在意思上是不同的。
2．as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置。
as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面．中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：
(1) as is expected, the england team won the football match.
(2) the earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
五．学习定语从句的几个问题
定语从句又称为关系从句，是最常见的从句之一，每年高考题对之均有考查。
一)、定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性
定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如：
the students who were here just now are from no,2 senior middle school.
但注意下列一组句子：
he is the only one of the students who was here just now.
he is one of the students who were here just now.
如果"one of +复数名词"后跟有定语从句，一般情况下"one of"后的复数名词为先行词，但当one前有the only,the very,just the修饰时，先行词则为one。
二)、定语从句与强调结构
it is the place where they lived before.
it is in the place that they lived before.
第一个句子为定语从句，where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二个句子为强调结构，强调in the place,that没有意义，把in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。
where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。
where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定语从句，that指代the watch)
三)、定语从句与并列结构
he has two sons,neither of whom looks like him.
he has two sons,and neither of them looks like him.
i've got two of them are in shanghai.
第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词whom指代two sons,在定语从名中介词of的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词and连接，人称代词them指代two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。
四)、定语从句与状语从句
he found the books where he had put.
he found the books in the place where he had put.
第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put 作主句he found the books 的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where引导从句修饰the place。
this is such an interesting book that i'dlike to read it.
this is such an interesting book as i'd like to read.
第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it指代book,作read的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词as指代先行词book的定语从句中read的宾语。
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