英语介词虽是小词,数量也不多,但它灵活多变,随处可见,功能强大而且难于掌握。在现代英语中,介词的地位非常重要。我们切不可小看这个小角色,不可忽视它的作用。
如果你能在英语介词上下一番功夫,那么你的英语水平会有一个飞跃的提高。
1、介词的分类与语法功能。
介词分类。1)按结构可分为:
简单介词,如at、in、for等;(约有70个)
合成介词,如within、inside、onto、througout等;
双重介词,如from behind/above/under、until after等;
短语介词,如according to、out of、because of、by means of、in spite of等; (约有500个)
分词介词,如considering、including、judging(from / by)、following、speaking等。(约15个)
2)按意义可分为:
时间介词,如:at, on, in, during, over, from, for, until等。
地点介词,如:at, on, in, to,across, over, between, inside, outside等。
其它介词,如:by, with, about, except, instead of, due to, apart from等。
介词短语。介词是虚词(从不独立行动的精灵),不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。
常用的五种介词短语:
介词+名词:at the door, into the bag;
②介词+代词: for me, of others;
③介词+动名词: in doing so, to my saying that;
④介词+连接副词/连接代词/what从句: over what he had better do;
⑤介词+连接副词/连接代词+不定式:on how to do this;
其他类型的介词短语。
介词+介词短语:from across the street, until after dinner
⑦介词+副词:from below
⑧介词+复合结构:with the light on
⑨介词+不定式:…did nothing but watch tv/ had no choice except to lie down to sleep
常见的介词宾语:名词、代词、动名词、从句、不定式等。如:
it is going to rain this afternoon according to the weather forecast.
he quarrelled with her yesterday.
he succeeded in passing the final exam.
i’m still thinking of how i can fulfil the task ahead of time.
the professor will give us a talk on how to study english well.
介词短语在句中可作表语、定语、状语和宾补等。如:
this machine is in good condition.(表语)
where is the key to my bike?(定语)
nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)
she always thinks herself above others.(宾补)
介词是短语动词中的关键角色,其结构有:
① v.+ prep.: agree with/to/on/in, answer for, ask for, come across, go after, live on,
run into, head for, look for/after/at 等。
② v.+ adv. +prep.: come up to, go in for, run out of, do away with, keep up with,
make up for, put up with等。
介词短语的词性:
1)介词短语的词性--形容词。
① 常用于做定语的介词短语的介词:
of: a child of six
with: a man with a suitcase
in: a girl in red
to: the key to the door
for: a war for money
about: an agreement about trade
② 常用于做表语的介词短语的介词:
at: she was at a loss.
beyond:the road is beyond the hill.
in: he’s still in danger.
of: it’s of no value.
on: he is on guard.
out of: i’m out of job.
under: he’s under forty.
③ 用于做宾语补足语:
i saw george at work.
a cold kept him in bed for 7 days.
2) 介词短语的词性—副词。
① 做状语,主要用于修饰谓语:
he has been here since monday.
bake it for two hours!
② 用于be+adj.结构:
she is afraid of snakes.
i’m sorry about that.
③ 修饰非谓语动词:
i asked to speak to the headmaster.
thank you for doing this for me.
2、介词搭配。
介词搭配类型:
1)“动词+介词”搭配(注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况):
rob sb. of sth. /clear the road of snow(“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of连用)
supply us with food / fill the glass with wine(“供给”意义的动词与with连用)
make a desk of wood / make bread from flour / make the material into a coat
(“制作、制造” 意义与of、from、into连用)同一动词与不同介词搭配意义不同。
介词+ the +部位与动词的关系(=动词+ sb.’s +部位,可换用)
strike him on the head(“击,拍,碰,摸”意义与on连用)
catch him by the arm(“抓,拉,拿,扯”意义与by连用)
hit the boy in the face(“肚,胸,眼,脸”等人体前部与in连用)
prevent(stop, keep)sb. from doing sth.(“阻止,禁止”意义与from连用)
persuade(advise, warn)sb. into doing sth.(“说服,建议”意义与into连用)
buy sb. for sth.(le**e、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意义与for连用)
tell sb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“告知”意义与to连用)
give sth. to sb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意义与to连用)
注意:⑦⑧可换成buy 双宾结构。
say sth. to sb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper与“对象”连用必须用to,不可说suggest
同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异:
reply to the letter回信,sing(dance) to the music和……唱(跳),amount to达到,加起来有……,devote to把……贡献给,drink to为……干杯,object to反对,look forward to渴望,come to苏醒,belong to属于,turn to求助(救)于,help oneself to随意,agree to同意,compare…to把……比作;
search for搜……,ask…for… 寻找,use…for用作,le**e for前往,take…for误以为,call for倡导,wait for等待,care for喜欢,make up for弥补损失, send for派人去请(拿)……sail for驶向,航向,set out for动身去,go in for爱好……。
2)常见“形容词+介词”搭配。
worthy of值得的,glad about sth. for sb.为某人某事高兴,far from离远……,grateful for sth.
to sb.为某事感激某人,free from没有……(免除……)proud of(take pride in)自豪,satisfied with (by)满意,sure of / about确信,fond of喜欢,fit for适合,busy with sth.(in doing sth.
)忙着干某事,full of充满,ready for准备,similar to相似,wrong with不对;有毛病……
3)“名词+介词”要注意习惯搭配和意义区分。
基本介词搭配:
介词to的常见用法。
动词+to(a)动词+ to
adjust to适应, attend to处理/照料, agree to赞同, amount to加起来达…,belong to属于, come to达到, drink to为…干杯,get to到达, happen to发生在某人身上, hold to紧握, lead to通向, listen to听, occur to想起, object to反对, point to指向, respond to回答, refer to参考/指的是…/涉及, reply to回答, see to负责, stick to坚持, turn to求助, write to给某人写信。
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