1.比较与对照的基本定义。
比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同品种的共同点或相似点(similarities),如人物、事物、地点、思想、观点等。对照(contrast)主要是指它们的不同点(difference)。在大学英语中,比较和对照法往往同时使用。
写作时,首先应考虑要比较和对照的两个或两个以上的事物,然后列一个表,发现这些事物的最主要特征,相同的或类似的特征可以比较,不同的特征可以组成对照。例如:
例1.punctualityisthemainconstituentofgoodcharacter.aperson,whoisalwaysintimeforhisappointment,showsrealconsiderationfor others.
on the other hand,a person who worthy tobe friend with.(本段对守时(in time)与不能守时(late)的两种不同的人进行了对照,用表示对照的连接词“ontheotherhand”进行了很好的连接。)。
例2.paintings and photographs h**e something in common.but there are also some differences between them.
(这段很好地展示出本文将用比较与对照的方法进行写作。)
aintingsandphotographsarevisualartforms.theybothcancaptureaspecificmomentforalltime.apaintingreflectsthe skilland talent of a painter,likewise the quality of a
(本段对paintingsand photographs两个不同的品种进行了分析,用连接词(both)进行了很好的连接,用连接词(likewise)用同样的方式对它们的相同点(the skill and talent)进行了比较)。
hotographs are created by using film,a camera,andspecial*****.incontrast,paintingsarecreatedwithpaint,brushes,andcanvas.photographs,like paintings,are oftenframed and displayedon walls in homes and galleries.
both canvaryinsize.however,photographsareusuallysmallenoughtokeep in albumswhere they document family events. (本段比较和对照法同时使用)。
in conclusion,although paintings andphotographsaresimilarinsomeways,therearealsosomedifferencesbetweenthem.(本段对本文的比较与对照进行了小结)。
2.比较与对照的两种基本写作方法。
2.1整体比照法(one-side-at-a-time method)
整体比照法:既先描述甲,再描述乙(a1,a2,a3,..1,b2,b3,..例。
如大学英语精选作文“wheretolive———nthecityorinthecountryside”
第一段可描述几点城市生活(a1,a2,a3,..第二段可描述几点农村生活(b1,b2,b3,..用整体比照法写作。
例3.manypeopleappreciatetheconveniencesofthecity.
a).hecityhasbettertransportationserviceandhealthcare.citydwellerscaneasilyenjoythemselvesinrestaurants,departmentstorees and concert halls.
they arewell-informedaboutwhatisgoingonathomeandabroad,andh**etheaccesstobettereducation,betterjobsandmoreopportunities for business. (1,a2,a3,..ut countrylife is also attractive.
(ountry people are inclosecontactwith nature.they breathe fresh air andlisten tothesongofthebirds.theymakefriendswithcropsandtrees,cowsandsheep.
a.1,b2,b3,..
owever,both the city and the country h**e their owndisadvantages.the city,despite all its good points,may bea place toocrowded for people to live in.and urban citizensareoftenunderpressure,worryingoversuchproblemsaspollution,crimeandunemployment.
(a1,a2,..sforruralinhabitants,they are freefrom becoming layoffs all right,yet they may find life far from thecity less convenient,andsometimes not as colorful or full of vigor.
2.2逐项比照法(point-by-point method)逐项比照法:
既双方同时描述,逐点进行比较(a1,b1;a2,b2;a3,b3...
例4.ridingabicyclehasalotofadvantagesoverdrivingacar.first,it is a physical exercise to ride a bicycle.
(1).incontrast,sittinginthecar,onetendstogainweight.(b1).
besides,itismuchmoreeconomicaltorideabikethandrivea car.on the otherhand,the only fee a bike-rider has to payistheannualtax.however,theannualfeesforacararecostly.
(a2,b2).ontheotherhand,abikeneedn’tbeequippedwithaparkinglot,butacarmust.(a3,b3).
mostimportantofall,it is beneficial to the environmentto ride a bicycle becausethebikedoesn’tconsumepetrol;itisapollution-freetransport.in contrast,the exhaust released bythecarisharmful to the environment.(a4,b4).
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