unit8一．基本结构：助动词h**e/has+过去分词(done)
否定句：主语+h**e/has+not+过去分词+其他。
一般疑问句：h**e/has+主语+过去分词+其他。
简略答语： yes, 主语 + h**e/has.(肯定)no, 主语 + h**en't/hasn't.(否定)
五．现在完成时的标志
现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响，用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义：
1. 以already, just和yet为标志
he has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
he has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
he hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。注意：
2.以ever和never为标志
this is the best film i h**e ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
he has never been to beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
3.以动作发生的次数为标志。
he says he has been to the usa three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
4.以so far（到目前为止）为标+before
he has got to beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
she has passed the examso far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
三．用法。现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
i h**e spent all of my money (so far).(含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)
my father has gone to work.(含义是：我爸爸现在不在这儿)
六．过去分词。
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
aaa型。原型过去式过去分词。
hurt hurt hurt / let let let / put put put/ read read read
cost cost cost / cut cut cut / hit hit hit
aab型 beat beat beaten
aba型 become became become/run ran run come came come
特殊情况 abb型。
bring brought brought / buy bought bought / build built built
catch caught caught / dig dug dug / feel felt felt
fight fought fought / find found found / hear heard heard
hold held held / keep kept kept / lead led led
lose lost lost / make made made / meet met met
sell sold sold / shoot shot shot / sit sat sat
stand stood stood / sweep swept swept / tell told told
/ think thought thought / win won won
abc型 begin began begun ; blow blew blown ; break broke broken
choose chose chosen ; draw drew drawn ; drive drove driven
drink drank drunk; fly flew flown ; forgive forg**e forgiven
forget forgot forgotten ; give g**e given ; grow grew grown
know knew known ; ride rode ridden ; rise rose risen
ring rang rung ; shake shook shaken ; sing sang sung
swim swam swum ; throw threw thrown ; write wrote written
第八单元语法知识练习题
6. -where h**e you __kate?
-i've __to the bank.
a. gone, gone b. been, been c. gone, been d. been, gone
7. her grandfather __for two years.
a. died b. has died c. has been dead d. has been died
8. it's six weeks __i met you last.
a. when b. since c. before d. for
9. tom and jack h**e arrived at west hill farm already.
a. h**e got b. h**e gone to c. h**e been to d. h**e reached
1. has linda returned your bikeno, not __
a. yet; already b. already; yet c. yet; yet d. already; already
2. don’t worry. mr. wang has __prepared everything for you.
a. yet b. already c. also d. not
3. is tom going to read little women? no, he __it already.
a. h**e read b. h**en’t read c. has read d. hasn’t read
4. i __many new friends in my new school yet.
a. make b. made c. h**e made d. h**en’t made
5. –h**e you __visited the great wall? -no
a. already; yet b. ever; never c. never; ever d. yet; already
6you __out the problem, sam? -not yet, but i am going to.
a. did; work b. are; working c. h**e; worked d. will; work
7. h**e you __what to do next? a. decide b. decision c. decided
8. ialreadyput) my book in my schoolbag.
9. i h**e __decided where to go, but my sister hasn’t decided __
a. yet; yet b. already; already c. already; yet d. yet; already
10. ben is a foreign teacher. so far, he __in wuhan for five years.
a. was teaching b. will teach c. has taught d. taught
12my mothercome) back yet.
11. mr. greenlive) in china for over ten years.
12. the rainalreadystop).
13. how longyouplay) ping-pong? for four years.
14. webe) friends since we met at school.
read) any classics yet.
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