一． 基本结构：助动词h**e/has+过去分词(done)
二． 句型：
否定句：h**e/has后面加not
一般疑问句：把h**e/has提前。
简略答语： yes, 主语 + h**e/has.(肯定) no, 主语 + h**en't/hasn't.(否定)
三．用法。1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
i h**e spent all of my money (so far).(含义是：现在我没有钱花了。)
guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)
my father has gone to work.(含义是：我爸爸去上班了)
2）现在完成时可以用来表示动作发生在过去某一时刻的，持续到现在的动作或状态常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用。
①for+一段时间 ②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）
③since+时间段+ago ④since+从句（过去时）
⑤it is+时间段+since+从句（过去时）
mary has been ill for three days.
i h**e lived here since 1998.
四． has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别。
(1) h**e/has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)
where is your father？he has gone to shanghai.
(2) h**e/has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）
my father has been to shanghai.
3)h**e/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）
my father has been in shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.
五．现在完成时的标志
1. *以already, just和yet为标志。
he has already got her help. 他已得到她的帮助。
he has just seen the film. 他刚刚看过这场电影。
he hasn't come back yet. 他还没有回来。
* 以ever和never为标志
this is the best film i h**e ever seen. 这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。
he has never been to beijing. 他从没有到过北京。
* 以动作发生的次数为标志。
he says he has been to the usa three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。
* 以so far（到目前为止），before为标志。
he has got to beijing so far. 到目前为止他已到了北京。
she has passed the exam so far. 到目前为止她已经通过了考试。
2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在， 甚至有可能继续延续下去，我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手，进一步学习现在完成时。
* ①for+时段 ②since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志。
六．过去分词。
1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：
(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,(3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
2 、不规则动词：
aaa型。read read read read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/
aab型。beat beat beaten
aba型。become became become run ran run come came come
abb型。bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built
abc型。begin began begun
七． 瞬间动词（buy, die, join, come，go ,le**e, join ……不能直接与for， since 连用。要连用需改为延续性动词。
buy---h**e ，borrow --keep ，come/arrive/reach/get to---be in
go out---be out le**e --be away ，begin---be on finish---be over
open---be open close --be closed die---be dead
代替buymy brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.
2、用keep或h**e代替borrow
i h**e kept(不能用h**e borrowed) the book for quite a few days.
3、用be替代become
how long has your sister been a teacher?
4、用h**e a cold代替catch a cold
tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.
现在完成时练习(一)
a)选用h**e, has填空：
___told him the news.
back from school.
the game.
b)按要求改写下列各句：
h**e bought a computer.***否定句)
has lost his book.
先改成一般疑问句，再作肯定与否定回答)
c) 单项选择。
6. -where h**e you __kate?
-i've __to the bank.
a. gone, gone b. been, been c. gone, been d. been, gone
7. her grandfather __for two years.
a. died b. has died c. has been dead d. has been died
8. it's six weeks __i met you last.
a. when b. since c. before d. for
9. tom and jack h**e arrived at west hill farm already.
a. h**e got b. h**e gone to c. h**e been to d. h**e reached
现在完成时练习（二）
一、 单项选择。
1、both his parents look sad . maybe theywhat's happened to him .（呼和浩特）
ａ. knew ｂ.h**e known ｃ.must know ｄ.will know
2、he has __been to shanghai , has he ?
ａ. already ｂ.never ｃ.ever ｄ.still
3、h**e you met mr li __
ａ. just ｂ.ago ｃ.before ｄ.a moment ago
4、the famous writer __one new book in the past two years .
ａ. is writing ｂ.was writing ｃ.wrote ｄ.has written
5、—our country __a lot so far .
yes . i hope it will be even __
ａ. has changed ; well ｂ.changed ; good
ｃ. has changed ; better ｄ.changed ; better
6、zhao lan __already __in this school for two years .
ａ. was ; studying ｂ.will ; study
has ; studied ｄ.are ; studying
7、we __xiao li since she was a little girl .
ａ. know ｂ.had known ｃ.h**e known ｄ.knew
8、harry potter is a very nice film .i___it twice .
ａ. will see ｂ.h**e seen ｃ.saw ｄ.see
9、—these farmers h**e been to the united states .
—really ? when __there ?
ａ. will they go ｂ.did they go ｃ.do they go ｄ.h**e they gone
10、—_you __your homework yet ?—yes . i __it a moment ago .
ａ. did ; do ; finished ｂ.h**e ; done ; finished
ｃ. h**e ; done ; h**e finished ｄ.will ; do ; finish
11、 his father __the party since 1978 .
ａ. joined ｂ.has joined ｃ.was in ｄ.has been in
12、—do you know him well ?
— sure .wefriends since ten years ago .
ａ. were ｂ.h**e been ｃ.h**e become ｄ.h**e made
13、—how long h**e you __here ?
—about two months .
ａ. been ｂ.gone ｃ.come ｄ.arrived
14、hurry up! the playfor ten minutes .
ａ. has begun ｂ.had begun ｃ.has been on ｄ.began
15、 it __ten years since he left the army .
ａ. is ｂ.has ｃ.will ｄ.was
16、 miss green isn't in the office . she___to the library .
ａ.has gone ｂ.went ｃ.will go ｄ.has been
17、my parents __shandong for ten years .
ａ. h**e been in ｂ.h**e been to ｃ.h**e gone to ｄ.h**e been
18、the students h**e cleaned the classroom, ?
a. so they b. don’t they c. h**e they d. h**en’t they
19、 has mr white been a member of greener china since he to china?
a. how soon, comes b. how often, got
c. how long, came d. how far, arrived
20、 his uncle___for more than 9 years.
a. has come here b. has started to work
c. has lived there d. has left the university
二、 句型转换。
1、he has never surfed改成反意疑问句）
2、they h**e been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问)
they been here?
3、the old manlast year.
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