动名词的用法。
动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时,称为动名词,动名词在句中可以:
1)用作主语:
dancing bored him。 跳舞使他厌烦。
2)用作表语:
her hobby is collecting stamps. 她的爱好是集邮。
3)用作宾语:
please stop talking.请不要说话了。
4)用作介词宾语:
he was arrested for smuggling. 他因走私而**。
5)构成合成词:
who won the singing contest? 歌咏比赛谁赢了?
还可用于下面这类句子中:
no smoking. 禁止吸烟。 no loitering.不许在此逗留。
no spitting. 禁止吐痰。no parking。禁止泊车。
作为动词,它也有几种形式:
主动形式被动形式。
一般式 doing being done
完成式 h**ingdone h**ing been done
它也可以有它的宾语(a)或状语(b):
was fond of playing tennis .他喜欢打网球。
is thinking of going home this summer. 她想今年夏天回家。
它还可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示其逻辑上的主语:
he disliked her working late. 他不喜欢她工作到很晚。
用名词所有格显得比较文气,在口语中常把’s省略掉:
i don’t remember my mother’s talking about it.(较文气的说法)
i don’t remember my mother talking about it. (较口语化的说法)
有些动名词已变得接近名词或变成名词,它们可有复数形式(a),前面。
可加冠词(b),甚至有定语修饰(c):
often g**e rendings of his works. 狄更斯常常朗读自己的作品。
did the cooking? 谁做的饭?
always enjoy a little light reading. 我一向喜欢读点轻松的东西。
这些可称为名词化动名词(verbal nouns)。有些以-ing结尾的词已完全。
变成名词:he could not analyze his feeling. 他没法分析自己的感情。
take good care of your belongs. 注意保管好你的东西。
动名词做主语和表语编辑本段回目录。
1)动名词可用作主语。
reading french is easier than speaking it. 阅读法文比讲语法容易。
talking to him is talking to a wall. 和他说话等于对牛弹琴。
walking is my sole exercise. 散步是我唯一的运动。
to her, windsurfing is too dangerous.在她看来冲浪太危险。。
talking mends no holes. (谚)空谈无济于事。
2)有时可用先行词it作主语,而把动名词主语放到句子后部去,作表语的可以是形容词)(a),也可以是名词(b):
a. it’s nice seeing you again. 再次见到你太好了。
it’s hopeless arguing about it. 争辩这事没有用。
is it worthwhile quarreling with her ? 和她吵架值得吗?
b. it’s a wonder meeting you here .在这里碰到你真是奇迹。
it’s no good coming before that . 在那之前来没有用。
it’s been a lot of fun staying here.住在这里很有意思。
it was a waste of time reading that book. 看那本书是浪费时间。
3)“there is +no”后可以用动名词作主语,表示“没法…”:
there was no knowing what he could do .他能做什么很难说。
he’s selfish,there’s no denying it.他很自私,这是不可否认的。
there was no mistaking in his intention.他的意图不可能看错。
4) 动名词还可用作表语:
her hobby is painting. 她的爱好是绘画。
her f**ourite sport is skiing.她最喜欢的运动是滑雪。
her job was tending the sheep. 她的工作是放羊。
seeing is believe. (谚)眼见为实。
动名词作宾语编辑本段回目录。
1)有许多动词可用动名词作宾语:
do you enjoy teaching?你喜欢教书吗?
fancy meeting you!真想不到在这里碰到你。
i couldn’t help laughing.我禁不住笑了起来。
he kept complaining.他不停地抱怨。
i couldn’t risk missing the train.我不能冒搭不上火车的险。
so you prefer living abroad?这样说你更愿意住在国外?
i advised taking a different approach.我建议采取另一种处理方法。
would you mind moving your car?劳驾把车挪一下可以吗?
he never can resist ****** a joke.他总是禁不住要说笑话。
2)许多成语动词也可以用动名词作宾语:
he has given up playing football.他现在不踢足球了。
they will put off doing it until next year.他们将推迟到明年再做此事。
he burst out crying like a child.他像小孩一样突然哭了起来。
在(be)worth后也可跟动名词作宾语:
his suggestion is worth considering.他的建议值得考虑。
it’s worth ****** an effort.这值得作一番努力。
3)有些动词可以用动名词作宾语,也可以用不定式作宾语,有时两者意思不同,如:
i remember telling you about it.我记得曾告诉过你这件事。
remember to tell him about it.记得告诉他这件事。
4)有时两种结构只有细微的差别,例如在like,love,prefer,hate,dread等动词后,动名词多表示一般情况,不定式多表示即将发生的事:
do you like reading?你喜欢看书吗?
i should like to hear others views.我愿意听听别人的意见。
she dreads seeing them.她害怕见到他们。
i dread to think what may happen.我害怕去想会发生什么情况。
有时两者可以换用,意思上没有差别:
he hated thinking (to think)about it.他不愿想这件事。
she loves h**ing(to h**e)lots of young men round her.她喜欢周围有许多青年男子。
i like reading(to read) detective stories.我喜欢看侦探**。
she prefers living(to live)among the office workers.她宁愿生活在上班族中间。
5)在begin ,start,intend,continue和cease后跟动名词或不定式都可以。有时意思上没有什么差别,例如:
it has started raining(to rain).开始下雨了。
the band began playing(to play).乐队开始演奏。
he intended coming(to come) back soon.他打算不久就回来。
she continued working(to work)as if nothing had happened.她继续干活,好像什么也没有发生过。
they ceased talking(to talk)and i began reading.他们停止了交谈,我开始看书。
有时有点细微的差别,在begin,start和cease后,不定式多表示情况发生变化(a),而动名词表示有意识地开始或停止(b).
a.suddenly it started to rain.天突然下起雨来。
philip began to cry.菲利普哭了起来。
the matter has ceased to be a mystery to us.这事对我们不再是个迷。
b then the little girl started singing.这时那小姑娘开始唱歌。
we began ****** preparitions for the trip.我们开始作旅行的准备。
the factory has ceased ****** bicycles.该厂已停止生产自行车。
在以-ing结尾的动词后不宜再用动名词,以避免-ing的重复:
he was beginning to miss her.他开始惦记她。
it’s starting to rain.天开始下起雨来。
注】stop后面有时跟不定式,但它并不是宾语而是状语,用于说明stop的目的:
he stopped to talk to us.他停下来和我们说话。
比较:he stopped talking to us.他停止和我们交谈。)
动名词作介词的宾语编辑本段回目录。
1)有许多由介词构成的成语动词后可以跟动名词作宾语:
she insisted to writing at once.她坚持马上就写。
the young man dreamed of becoming a surgeon这个小伙子一心想成为一名外科医生。.
the plant must aim at increasing production,工厂必须努力增加生产。
he never complained about working overtime.他从不抱怨加班加点。
she was looking forward to learning the hospital wards.她盼望离开医院病房。
2)还有不少“be+形容词+介词”的结构后也常可用动名词作宾语:
are you interested in going with us?你有兴趣和我们一道去吗?
he was fond of speaking french.他很喜欢**语。
i’m tired of thinking about it.想这事我已经想烦了。
i’m used to dealing with matters of this sort.处理这种事我已经习惯了。
3)在“及物动词+宾语+介词”这类结构后,也常可跟动名词作宾语:
they accused him of playing his radio too loudly.他们指责他开收音机开得太响。
thank you for doing this job for us.谢谢你帮我们做了这件事。
that did not prevent him from doing so. 这并没有组织他那样做。
nothing would stop me from achieving my ambition. 什么也不能阻止我实现我的抱负。
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