英语语法包括三部分:
一:词汇。1):动词与介词(副词)的搭配。
2):形容词与介词搭配
3):构词法。
二:实用语法。
1):主谓一致。
2):动词的时态与语态。
3):虚拟语气。
4):状语从句与定语从句。
5):名词性从句。
6):倒装句。
7):强调句。
三:句子分析与翻译。
编写:斯瓦格。
实用语法:一、主谓一致。
语法一致原则。
1):主语形式虽为单数,但意义为复数,谓语动词用复数。
eg:his family were watching tv after supper.
2): 主语形式虽为复数,但意义为单数,谓语动词用单数。
eg:the news was very interesting.
主语形式复数,意义单数的单词有:artritis、 rickets、economics等。
3):就近原则:谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语的单复数形式。(有 or、either…or、neither…nor、not only…but also等)
eg:either you or tom is to do the work.
neither mary nor i am going.
only one out of five were absent.
二、动词的时态和语态。
1、动词的时态。
时态是谓语动词所表达的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。常用的有9种。
1)、一般现在时。
1、经常性动作,伴有often、always、usually等。
eg:he gets up at 6 o’clock every morning.
2、表示现在的特征或状态。
eg:my major is chemistry.
3、普通真理。
eg:the earth revolves round the sun.
4、有些表示状态和感官的动词。
如be、like、hate、think等)
eg:i like sports very much.
2)、一般过去时。
1、过去发生的事,存在的状态。
eg:i saw mr. smith yesterday.
2、过去经常发生的动作,用used to或would +动原。
eg:we used to go swimming together when we were boys.
3、虚拟语气中,用过去时表示现在时间概念。
3)、一般将来时。
1、be going to +动原,表示即将发生或最近打算的事。
eg:we are going to adopt a new method.
2、be+不定式表示将来必定发生的事情。
eg:the boy is going to school tomorrow.
3、be about to +动原。
eg:the meeting is about to begin.
4、某些动词的现在进行时表示将来时间。
go、come、le**e、start等)。
eg:the plane is le**ing at 8:00 am.
4)、现在进行时。
1、现阶段正在进行的动作,由“be+现在分词”构成。
eg:we are studying in the classroom now.
2、现在进行时有时用于表示经常性动作或状态。
eg:she is always telling lies.
5)、过去进行时。
1、表示过去某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。由“was/were+现在分词”构成。
eg:he was playing while i was reading at that time.
2、过去进行时表示过去对将来的安排,代替过去将来时。
eg:i was going to new york that summer.
6)、现在完成时。
1、动作在说话前已完成,而动作对现在有影响。
eg:i h**e seen the film many times.
2、动作始于过去,持续到现在,也有可能还会持续下去。一般有for或since的时间状语。
eg:he has lived here since 1960.
3、用时间状语或条件状语表示将来某时完成的动作。
eg:i will give my opinion when i h**e read the book through.
4、在this is first/second time that…从句用现在完成时。
eg:it will be the second time i h**e seen the film.
7)、过去完成时。
表示到过去某时为止已完成的动作(时间状语by).
eg:that train had pulled out of station by the time i hurried there.
8)、过去将来时。
表示从过去的某时看将来发生的动作。
eg:he said that he would come over when he had time .
9)、现在完成进行时。
1、表示过去某时开始一直到现在仍在进行的动作。
eg:i h**e only been wearing glasses since last year.
2、被动语态。
当句子的主语为动作的执行者时,谓语的形式为主动;
当句子的主语为动作的承受着时,谓语的形式为被动。
1)、常见时态的被动语态有:
1、一般现在时:am/is/are seen
2、一般过去时:was/were seen
3、一般将来时:will/shall be seen
4、现在进行时:am/is/are being seen
5、过去进行时:was/were being seen
6、现在完成时:h**e/has been seen
7、过去完成时:had been seen
8、过去将来时:would (should ) be seen
2)、一些特殊的被动语态。
1、带情态动词的被动语态。
eg:this must be done soon.
2、带不定式的被动语态。
eg:the job needs to be done with care.
3、感官动词和使役动词在改为被动语态时,加上不定式符号:to.
eg:the boss made workers work long hours every day.
eg:workers were made to work long hours every day .
4、主动语态不能改为被动语态的有:
a:不及物动词或连系动词;
b:当谓语动词为 le**e、enter、suit、reach等不持续性动词时;
c:有些动词词组不能用被动语态有:take place、lose heart、belong to等;
d:形式上为主动,意为被动。有smell、taste、read、sell、wash等。
eg:these book sell well. the cloth washes well.
三、虚拟语气。
1)、辨别if 引导真实条件句和if引导的虚拟条件句的区别。
if he has time, he will go with us.= probably he has time and will go with us.
if he had time, he would go with us.=but in fact he has no time.
2)、虚拟条件句中主句和从句的谓与动词构成形式如下表。
3)、混合时间的虚拟语气。
如果条件句中的动作和主句的动作不是同时发生,主句和从句的谓语动词的形式应分别根据各自所表示的时间加以调整。
eg:if i had received the passport yesterday, i would start today
if he had telephoned me last night, i would see him now.
if he had followed the doctor’s advice, he would be all right now.
if china had not been liberated, the working people would still be leading a miserable life.
4)、should/ could / might/ ought to + h**e done 表示“过去本应该/可以做而实际上却没做”
needn’t h**e done 表示“过去没必要作而实际上做了”
5)、虚拟语气中的倒装句。
如果虚拟语气的条件从句谓语动词中含有were, had, could, should,有时可将if省去,而将条件从句的主语置于were, had, should, could 之后。
eg:had you invited us, we would h**e come to your party.
were i you, i would do more practice after class.
could she lend us a helping hand, she would do so.
6)、表示命令或建议动词suggest, insist, propose, desire, demand, request, order, command 后的宾语从句中应使用虚拟 should +动词原形; should 不可用would 来替代; 主句所使用的动词时态不限。
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