语法总结。
一． 词性。
英语单词根据其在句子中的功能，可以分为十大类：
1. 名词 n. （专有名词、普通名词）
2. 代词 pron
不定代词。3. 形容词 adj. （比较级、最高级）
4. 副词 adv
5. 动词 v. （行为动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词）
we h**e lunch at 12. /we h**e been to new york.
i am hungry. /i was beaten on the way home.
you needn’t call him. /i need some water.
系动词：look, seem, feel, remain, keep, sound, smell, taste, become, turn, get, grow等。
6. 数词 number （基数词、序数词）
7. 冠词 a （定冠词the, 不定冠词a, an）
8. 介词 prep （不可单独使用）
时间介词：at, on, in, during, from, for, until等。
地点介词：at, on, in, across, to, over, between, inside, outside等。
其他介词：beside, near, opposite, under, across, between, in front of, at the back of , behind,by, with, about, except, instead of等。
9. 连词 conj
联合关系的并列连词：and, both…and…, neither..nor…, as well as…, not only…but also…
转折关系的并列连词：but, while, yet, however…
选择关系的并列连词：or, either…or…
因果关系的并列连词：so, for…
引导时间状语的从属连词：when, while, after, before, since, until, till, once, as soon as…
引导原因状语的从属连词：because, as, since…
引导地点状语的从属连词：where, wherever…
引导条件状语的从属连词：if…
引导比较状语的从属连词：as…as…, not so…as…, than…
10. 感叹词 interj (oh, wow, well, yuck, aha, god, mmm, come, there…)
二． 句子成分。
主语：jim is a famous writer.
who is the man standing over there?
smoking is bad for health.
when we are going to h**e an english test has not been decided yet.
谓语：he practices english every morning.
表语：（一般在谓语系动词之后）
the teacher is an american.
the weather has turned cold.
their plan is to finish the homework in a week.
the truth is that he’s never been abroad.
宾语：we should learn from her.
i enjoy listening to popular music.
宾语补足语：what he said made me very angry.
they painted their wall pink.
定语：zhongshan is a beautiful city.
状语：（修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子）
light tr**els most quickly.
he has lived in zhongshan for 10 years.
同位语：（于名词或代词之后，说明性质和情况，可以说是一种定语）
we young people should respect the old.
he himself designed the house.
三．时态。四．从句。
1.名词性从句，相当于名词，可作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语，因此名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句：whether he will come or not is not yet known.
what we need is more practice.
表语从句：that is why he didn’t pass the exam.
the trouble is that he has never done the work before.
宾语从句：i think that watching tv too much is bad for people’s health.
i wonder what has happened to him.
can you tell me where the nearest post office is?
同位语从句：the truth that the earth moves around the sun is known to all.
2.定语从句（修饰句中的名词或代词的从句）
there is a film that i’d like to see.
this is the place where my mother was born.
3.状语从句。
时间状语从句：it was snowing when he arrived at the station.
地点状语从句：just stay where you are.
原因状语从句：he was absent because he was ill.
条件状语从句：we will come to see you if we h**e time.
目的状语从句：he got up early in order that he could catch the first bus.
比较状语从句：john is cleverer than peter.
五．直接引语和间接引语。
she is preparing her lessons,” i said. -i said that she was preparing her lessons.
he said to me, “jane spent all her time doing that.”
-he told me that jane had spent all her time doing that.
i’ll come and see you again this evening, tom.”he said.
-he told tom that he would go and see him again that evening.
六．被动语态。
构成“be+及物动词的过去分词”，be有时态、人称和数的变化。如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后面需接by…，译为“被（由）……
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