虚拟语气。
虚拟语气表示动作或状态与事实相反，或不可能发生的情况。
一．虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中。
1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：
一般过去时（虚拟语气中be→were）
主句用：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
if we had time now, we would read it again.
if i were you, i would work hard.
2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句：had+过去分词；
主句：would(should, could, might)+h**e+过去分词。
if he had taken my advice, he would h**e succeeded in the test.
if i had known your telephone number then, i would h**e called you.
3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生：
条件状语从句：①一般过去时②should +动词原形③were to+动词原形；
主句：would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
if it should rain, the crops would be s**ed.
if it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.
虚拟条件句的特殊情况。
1)混合/错综型虚拟语气。
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为‘错综条件句’，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
if you had followed my advice, you would be better now.
从句说的是过去，主句是现在)
if i were you, i would h**e taken his advice.
从句是现在，主句是过去)
2)省略if的虚拟语气。
如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if.采用倒装语序。
if it should happen, what would you do?
should it happen, what would you do?
if he had recognized me, he would h**e come over.
had he recognized me, he would h**e come over.
3)含蓄虚拟条件句。
有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。
常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。
without your help(=if we had not had your help),we could not h**e succeeded.
but for electricity(=if there were no electricity,there would be no modern industry.
he felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise
he would h**e attended the party.
4)在if it were( had been )not for ….句型中的虚拟语气。
虚拟语气也常用于‘if it were/(had been) not for ….句型中，意为‘要不是由于…’。
if it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.
if it had not been for your timely help, i would h**e gone bankrupt.
二．虚拟语气用在名词性从句中。
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气。
这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词（名词，过去分词）+that+主语+should+动词原形。
should可以省略）这种结构中。
常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising,
natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.
常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested,
desired, required, ordered, suggested.
常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret,
shame.
it was suggested that he（should）join the club activities.
it is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not
h**e been invited.
it is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.
2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
wish 后面所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为要是，但愿…就好了），其形式主要有三种：
表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish后接一般过去时的从句。
表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish后接过去完成时/should，could h**e done
表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish后接would，could+动词原形。
i wish it were spring all year round.
i wish it would be fine tomorrow.
she wished she had stayed at home.
在表示建议，命令，要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。
此类动词有：suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, insist（要求）,
order, prefer, command, ask, request.
the teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.
当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意；insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。
the man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
the smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.
3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气。
在表示建议，命令，要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用。
should）+动词原形。常见名词有：advice, desire, request,
demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order.
he g**e orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.
his proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
三．虚拟语气在其他情况中的使用。
1.在as if/ as though引导的状语从句中，若从句与事实相反，则要用虚拟语气。
其形式如下：
主语+as if/ though +主语+一般过去时（从句的动作与主句同时发生）
主语+as if/ though +主语+would/could+动词原形。
从句的动作相对主句来说在将来发生）
主语+as if/ though +主语+过去完成时（从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前）
he talks as if he knew all about it.
she speaks english well as if he had studied in america.
he learns english so hard as if he would go abroad.
2.在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。
it is time that we went home.
此句型中，注意与‘it/this is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。
this is the first time that i h**e been here.
rather后接动词原形，但接从句时要用虚拟语气（宁愿，但愿）。
would rather +主语+一般过去时（表示与现在或将来相反）
would rather +主语+过去完成时（表示与过去相反）
i’d rather he didn’t go now.
i’d rather you hadn’t done it.
4. if only后接从句也用虚拟语气，其形式与wish的用法一致。
5. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式，表示的意思为‘本想，本打算，本认为’
he had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.
他上周本打算去买那件家具，但却下雨了）
独立主格结构。
非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关系，我们称之为独立主格结构（absolute construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构”也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
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