module 1 grammar
i. be going to 的用法。
be going to结构表示按计划、打算去做某事，表示人的主管意图，有时还可表示**有迹象要发生某事。如：
how long is your aunt going to stay in china for a visit?
计划、打算)
look at the clouds. it’s going to rain.
有迹象要发生)
george is putting on weight. he is going to be quite fat.
**)ii. be going to与will的区别。
will表示说话人认为、相信要发生的事， 不含具体时间， 可以指遥远的将来； be going to 表示按计划、打算即将发生的事。
二者都可以表示“意图” 。但是表示事先考虑的事情用be going to, 否则用will。如：
i am not going to / won’t tell him about it.
-this is a very he**y box.
--i’ll help you to carry it.
be going to 可以用在条件句中表示将来， will则不行。 如：
if you are going to attend the party, you’d better le**e now.
module 2 grammar
不定式作状语。
不定式作目的状语。
he broke into the house to steal something.
many drug addicts are now in treatment centers to stop taking drugs.
he’s s**ing up to buy a new car.
he uses a computer to send emails.
2)有时候在不定式前面加上in order to或 so as to, 否定式为 in order not to 和so as not to:
let’s hurry so as to go to school in time.
let’s hurry so as not to be late for school.
she studied very hard in order to catch up with others.
she studied very hard in order not to lag behind.
3) 不定式表示目的时，通常它的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，但如果不是的话，就要用for… 结构表示逻辑主语，如：
mom opened the door for jane and betty to come in.
module 3 grammar
i. 时间状语从句。
ii. 过去完成时。
时间状语从句。
常见的连接时间状语从句的连接词有：
when, while, as, before, after, until/till, since, ever since, whenever, as soon as, no sooner… than,
hardly / scarcely… when 等。
whenwhen 还有意义为‘这时’，(at this time)‘那时’(at that time) 常用于下列句型：
somebody was doing something when……某人正在做 ……突然 ……
somebody was about to do something when…….某人正要做 ……突然 ……
somebody had just done something when……某人刚刚干了……这时……
1, i was reading english when my teacher came in.
2, i was about to talk in the classroom when the teacher came in.
3, i had just made the mistake when the teacher came in .
while观察：
while they were doing homework, someone broke into the house.
while he was still a teenager, he was a big star.
分析：while引导的从句表示“在……过程中”，强调某一段时间内主句和从句的动作在同一时期发生。从句的动作表示较长时间，因此常用延续性动词。
while 表示强烈的对比关系，可译成“然而”
she is tall while i am short.
while i was studying english, he was playing football.
as试观察：
1) as they were picking tea, the girls were singing happily.
强调两个动作同时进行。
2) as he grew older, he found it difficult to compose good music.
两种情况一起发展变化。
分析：as引导的从句表示“当……时；一边……一边……”主句和从句的动作同时发生，强调伴随。有时可译为“随着”。
过去完成时。
1过去完成时的构成：
“助动词had+过去分词”
the public wondered why the president hadn’t attended the top conference.
2. 过去完成时的用法：
1). 过去完成时主要用来表明在某个时间或动作之前已经发生的动作， 它表示时间是“过去的过去”。如：
the patient had died when the doctor arrived.
up until then they had just finished half the work.
he had pressed the button before we could stop him.
when i had finished my everyday work, i did some gardening.
2). 如果发生的动作很短暂， 或两个动作紧接着发生， 则常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。尤其是在含有before, after, as soon as的复合句中， 因为它们本身的词义就可以表示出先后顺序。
如：just before i left new york, i sent an e-mail to mr white, my teacher in the university.
3). 过去完成时还可以表示未能实现的希望、愿望等， 常用的动词有except, hope, mean, suppose, think 等。如：
i had hoped to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but didn’t manage it.
mother had expected me to come to her birthday party, but i really had a lot of important work to do.
note:
当动作紧接着发生， 次序明显时， 只需用一般过去时。
when he got home from work, he was very tired. he opened the door, turned on the light, washed his face and went to bed without taking off his clothes.
2.与某个时间段或时间点连用时， 一般过去时表示动作在这个时间发生， 而过去完成时表示动作在这个时间之前就已经完成。如：
he learned russian during his stay in russia.
he had already learned russian during his stay in russia.
3. 在间接引语中，与过去完成时连用的时间状语从句常用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如：
he told me somebody had phoned when i was out.
john said the film had been on five minutes when he got to the cinema.
module 4 grammar
ing form and the infinitive
作主语。1) -ing形式和不定式都可在句中用作主语。一般情况下可以互换。
to learn a foreign language is not easy.
=learning a foreign language is not easy. 学习外语是不容易的。
2) 表示具体的， 特定情况下的或有待于完成的动作时， 常用不定式。
to finish such a novel will take me several days
读完这本**需要花去我几天的时间。
it’s impossible to get to beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car看来这次三个小时是到不了北京了， 因为我们的车出问题了。
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