标题，话题 title, topic要点、提纲outline
主题 : theme 定义 definition 介绍 introduction to/of 背景 : setting, background
原因：reason (for) ,cause (of) ；结果result; outcome，consequence（后果）
异同点与优缺点：difference(cn) ,similarity(cn)； advantage/benefit , disadvantage，weakness(cn), strength(cn)
功能：function目的：purpose , aim , goal （to do sth）
观点与态度：opinion , view (on/about) ,viewpoint , idea ；attitude (to/towards)
评论、评价：comment (on) ,remark (on/upon) ,assessment
表方式、方法：means , way of doing, way to do , method (of) ;solution (to doing), approach ( to doing sth. )take measures/steps/action to do sth.
积极和消极：positive ,negative; optimistic(乐观), pessimistic(悲观)
建议： advice [u] ,suggestion(cn) ,tip(cn) 概括、总结： summary , conclusion
特点： feature , characteristic 种类：kind , type , category ,
精神上与身体上：mentally ，physically 影响 : influence/impact/effect (on
情形 ，状况 : situation，condition 建立：build , create , establish , found
出现：appear ,occur 实现，完成：reach , realize , accomplish
必要，必需 : must /necessity方面，项目条款：item / aspect
材料 : material(s知识消息：knowledge / information
日程计划 : schedule / agenda百分比：percentage
性别 :sex 年龄 : age
满意 :satisfaction忧虑，担忧，焦急 : concern, worry
不)熟悉 :familiar /unfamiliar个人，个人的： individual
细节 :description , detail 文化 : culture
责任 : take) responsibility贡献 : make) contributions to
重要 : value importance significance 比较 : contrast comparison
时期 : period / time 存在 : existence exist
花费 : cost / expense 人口 : population
天气/气候 : weather[u] /climate [c] 位置 : location/place情节 :
plot 结尾 :ending 反对者与支持者：supporter , opponent 比较：
comparison;contrast
过程 process,cause, precedure
现象 phenomenon/phenomena 因素 factor(s) 起源 origin
转换类常用句型：
1.100 years = 1 century = 10 decades
2. take advantage of = make use of make full use of= make the best/ most of…
3. parental attention = with the help / aid / assistance of parents
4. oppose the move = be oppoded to the move=be against the move = object to = disagree with
5. consider … take … into consideration / account
6. at the beginning = at first
7. be responsible for = take/ shoulder / bear responsibility for =answer for
8. since the beginning of human evolution = throughout human history
9. americans h**e been migrating south and west for decades in search of better job opportunities. =americans h**e been migrating south and west for decades, seeking a better job.
/searching /looking for a better job.
10. housing-related reasons = reasons related / linked/relevant to / connected with housing
11. take an active part in = take part in sth. actively=be active in
12. encourage participation in quiet activities = encourage children to participate in / take part in/ play a role in quite activities
13. be hooked on headphones = be addicted to headphones
information = information of great value
clearly = h**e a clear understanding of sth.
= h**e an effect / influence / impact on sth.
= count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make a difference
18. kills sb. =sth. costs sb. sth. =claim one’s life
19. make an apology = apologize to sb.=say sorry to sb.
over = end = put …to an end
= in spite of 比较 although/though/while/as
22. share less than 2% =account for less than 2%= make up
= on the internet
good citizenship = learn to be good citizens
the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good at
sth. =make an explanation
sth. to sb. =provide / supply sth. for sb.
= on top of = in addition to = apart from
29. be better than = be superior to
30. approve of = subscribe to = be in f**or / support of = f**or sth.
access to = be acceptable / accessible / **ailable to
= quit = give up
for = make up for
part = partly
year = yearly = annually
up = run out of (主动)
out = give out = be used up (被动)
accused of = be charged with
of the people = the majority of the people
to /for one’s needs / demands /requirements = satisfy / meet one’s ….
to death = die of hunger/ starvation
tired out = be worn out = be exhausted = be weary=be burnt out
responsible = social responsibility
benefit sb. =be beneficial to sb. =be of benefit to = sb. benefit from sth .
oneself to doing sth. =promise to do sth.
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