。标题，话题title, topic要点、提纲outline
主题： theme定义definition介绍introduction to/of背景： setting,background
原因：reason(for),cause(of)；结果result;outcome，consequence（后果）异同点与优缺点：difference(cn),similarity(cn)；advantage/benefit,disadvantage，weakness(cn), strength(cn)
功能：function目的：purpose , aim , goal（to do sth）
观点与态度：opinion,view(on/about),viewpoint,idea；attitude(to/towards)评论、评价：comment (on) ,remark (on/upon) ,assessment表方式、方法：
means,wayofdoing,waytodo,method(of); solution(todoing),approach ( to doing sth. )take measures/steps/action to do sth.积极和消极：
positive ,negative; optimistic(乐观), pessimistic(悲观)建议：advice[u],suggestion(cn),tip(cn)概括、总结： summary,conclusion特点：
feature , characteristic种类：kind , type , category ,精神上与身体上：mentally，physically影响：
influence/impact/effect (on )情形，状况： situation，condition建立：build , create , establish , found出现：
appear ,occur实现，完成：reach , realize , accomplish必要，必需： must /necessity方面，项目条款：
item / aspect材料： material(s)知识消息：knowledge / information日程计划：
schedule / agenda百分比：percentage性别：sex年龄：
age
满意：satisfaction忧虑，担忧，焦急： concern, worry(不)熟悉：
familiar /unfamiliar个人，个人的： individual细节：description , detail文化：
culture
责任： (take) responsibility贡献： (make) contributions to
重要： value importance significance比较： contrast comparison时期：
period / time存在： existence exist花费： cost / expense人口：
population天气/气候：weather[u]/climate[c]位置： location/place情节：
plot结尾：ending反对者与支持者：supporter,opponent比较：
comparison;contrast
过程process,cause, precedure
现象phenomenon/phenomena因素factor(s)起源origin
转换类常用句型：
1.100 years = 1 century = 10 decades
2. take advantage of = make use of make full use of= make the best/ mostof…
3. parental attention = with the help / aid / assistance of
5. consider…= take…into consideration / account6. at the beginning = at first
7. be responsible for = take/ shoulder / bear responsibility for =answer for8. since the beginning of human evolution = throughout human history
9. americans h**e been migrating south and west for decades in search of betterjob opportunities. =americans h**e been migrating south and west for decades,seeking a better job.
/searching /looking for a better job.
10. housing-related reasons = reasons related / linked/relevant to / connectedwith housing
11. take an active part in = take part in sth. actively=be active in
in / take part in/ play a role in quite activities13. be hooked on headphones = be addicted to information = information of great value
clearly = h**e a clear understanding of = h**e an effect / influence / impact on sth.
= count = be very important = be of importance = make sense = make adifference
18. kills sb. =sth.
costs sb. sth. =claim one’s life19.
make an apology = apologize to sb.=say sorry to over = end = put…to an end
= in spite of比较although/though/while/as22. share less than 2% =account for less than 2%= make = on the internet
good citizenship = learn to be good citizens
the things that you are good at = list what / all you are good sth. =make an explanation
sth. to sb. =provide / supply sth.
for = on top of = in addition to = apart from29. be better than = be superior to
30. approve of = subscribe to = be in f**or / support of = f**or access to = be acceptable / accessible / **ailable = quit = give up
for = make up part = partly
year = yearly = up = run out of (主动)
out = give out = be used up (被动) accused of = be charged with
of the people = the majority of the people
to /for one’s needs / demands /requirements = satisfy / meet one’s…. to death = die of hunger/ starvation
tired out = be worn out = be exhausted = be weary=be burnt responsible = social responsibility
benefit sb. =be beneficial to sb. =be of benefit to = sb. benefit fromsth .
oneself to doing sth. =promise to do sth.
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