unit 1 how do you study for a test?
教学内容。一。 重点语法： 1. 动名词和不定式在句中作主语， 宾语的区别及运用。
2. 复习现在完成时的运用。
二。 重点词汇： aloud, pronunciation, solution, learner, realize, frustrate, spoken, impress, differently, unimportant, unless
三。 难点： by, in , on, with等表示 “通过”, 用”等之意介词的区别运用。
四。 教学细节：
一。 动名词和不定式在句中作主语， 宾语的区别及运用：
1. 构成： 动名词---v-ing; 动词不定式---to +动词原形。
2. 做主语： 置于句首， 后跟谓语动词用单数形式， 一般情况下可互换， 但侧重表普遍行为或已成事实的用动名词， 表即将包括将来发生的行为用不定式；
eat) some vegetables every day is good for our health.
know) the result of this english test makes me frustrated.
be) a teacher in the future is my dream.
注： 不定式做主语时， 通常可用形式主语it来代替它在句首的运用， 而将不定式放在句尾， 使整个句子更协调。
to learn english well will take you a few years’ time. =it will take you a few years’ time to learn english well.
区分句型： it’s + adj. +for sb. to do sth./it’s + adj. +of sb. to do sth. 形容做某事形容某人…
it’s impossible __you to improve your english in one year.
it’s very silly __you to play computer games all day.
3. 做宾语： 置于及物动词之后， 此时两者一班不能替换使用。
1)大多数动词跟不定式做宾语： decide, plan, hope, wish, learn, afford, seem, refuse, pretend, want, urge, fail等；
2)少数动词后跟动名词做宾语： finish, enjoy, mind, keep, allow, practice, suggest, stand, imagine, consider等；
3)部分动词后可跟不定式， 也可跟动名词， 但意思不同：
①stop to do sth. 停下去做某事。
stop doing sth. 停止做某事。
please stoptalk). you should stoplisten) to me now.
②like/love/dislike/hate/prefer doing sth. 喜欢/爱/不喜欢/恨/更喜欢做某事(长时间习惯性动作)
like/love/dislike/hate/prefer to do sth. 喜欢/很想/不想/不愿/更愿意要做某事(某一次的意愿)
it’s too hot now. i likeswim) in the river.
at the moment i hatesee) the teacher.
i likeplay) sports, but i preferwatch) games on tv.
remember/forget to do sth. 记得/忘记要做某事。
remember/forget to do sth. 记得/忘记做过某事。
i still rememberwatch) th third basketball match in the beijing olympic games.
she has forgotborrow) some money from you and that she will never return the money to you.
go doing 去做某事(go 后面如跟不及物动词， 如skate, swim, fish等， 该动词用动名词)
go to do 去做某事(go 后面跟带有宾语的及物动词时， 该动词用不定式)
she usually goesshop) on sundays, but sometimes she goesvisit) her friends.
4)少部分动词后即可跟动名词， 又可跟不定式做宾语， 且意思差不多： start, begin, continue等， 但这类动词在本身带有-ing时， 后面只跟不定式。
the old man started/beganhiccup) in august 2008.
let’s continuetalk) about our school life.
they are startingskate) now.
5)介词后跟动名词做宾语： give up, take part in, be good at 等。
they are looking forward totr**el) around the country in the summer holiday.
二。 复习现在完成时用法。
一。 词义区别：
1. by, in, on, with等表示“通过”, 用”等之意介词的区别运用。
1) by doing sth. 通过做某事的方式， 表示 “凭借， 通过做某事的方式”, 用by, 此时后跟动名词短语。
i’m trying to improve my listening bydo) much listening practice.
2) 表示旅行方式， 用于乘坐某种交通工具时， 可用介词by, on, in
1 by + 交通工具单数(中间不加任何词)
on/in + 限定词 + 交通工具(单或复数)--敞开式交通工具用on; 封闭式用in
on foot
the greens are going to the farm __their bikes.
last year he came to kunming __a plane.
his bike was lost yesterday, so he had to go home __foot./_bus.
3) 表示使用 “用”某种语言或 “用”某种方法， 用介词in
you can’t understand what they are saying, because they are talking __japanese.
you must do some reading in the morning and do much homework. _this way, you can improve your english.
4) 表示通过电视， 广播， **， 互联网等， 用on (tv前不加冠词， 其他前面加冠词)
i think mr mu has got the information __the internet.
i h**e learnt several english songs __bbc.
they are talking通过**)
i dislike watching soup operas通过电视)
5) 表示使用某一具体有形工具(除交通工具)或用人的手， 脚等时， 用with (工具和五官前腰有修饰语)
the boy has no hands. he has to writehis mouth.
you’d better not do your homeworka pencil next time.
2. aloud, loud, loudly 区别运用。
1) aloud(无比较级)常和read连用， 强调为使人听见而发声， 声音不一定很大；
2) loud和loudly都有 “响亮地，大声地”意思， 有时可互换， 但比较级用louder, 常和speak, talk, laugh, say, shout等连用， loud要置于动词之后， loudly置于动词前后皆可， 含有 “喧闹”之意；
she has a good pronunciation when she reads
___please, i can’t hear you.
in order to be heard, the teacher speaks __and clear.
don’t talk so
3) loud还可做形容词 a loud voice
3. sometime, some time, sometimes, some times
1) sometime adv. 某时(与过去时或将来时连用)
2) some time (名词词组) 一段时间 (常指将来一段时间)
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