前言:要学好一门外语,无非是从词、句,最后到段,词句需要积累,段由句组成,句子由词构成,因此明白词的用法很重要,但单纯的词又需要句帮助记忆,所以在讲词之前先告诉大家小学三种最常见句子结构:
1. 主语+谓语+宾语例如:
i like english. i see you.
2. 主语+谓语+副词。
the bus goes quickly. they walk slowly.
3. 主语+be动词+形容词或名词。
they are students. they are young.
下面就是对小学出现的词性和语法的总结。
一、名词:多用作主语和宾语。
1、 可数名词与不可数名词的区别
可数名词分为个体名词(如book, desk,等)和集体名词(如people, family 等)。
如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的,这类名词就叫不可数名词。如meat, water, milk, homework, time等)。
2、 名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下:
. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如:
book → books room → rooms house → houses day → days
. 以s, ss, ch, sh, x 结尾的名词,在词尾加-es 。如:
bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches dish → dishes box → boxes
. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词,要先将y改为i再加-es。如:
city → cities body → bodies factory → factories
. 以f 或fe 结尾的名词,要将f或fe改为v再加-es。如:
half → halves leaf → le**es knife → knives wife → wives
. 特例 [悄悄话:特例常常考,要记住。]
child → children mouse → mice
man → men woman → women policeman → policemen (规律:man → men)
tomato → tomatoes potato → potatoes
悄悄话: 以o 结尾的名词变复数时只有这两个词加-es,其余的当然加-s喽!如:photo → photos]
foot → feet tooth → teeth [悄悄话:oo变成ee。]
sheep, fish, chinese, japanese单、复数同形 [悄悄话:变复数时词形不变。]
3、不可数名词的家务事
. 不可数名词没有复数,当它作句子的主语时,谓语动词要用单数形式。如:
the food is very fresh. 食品很新鲜。
. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词,有复数形式,但他们的意义往往发生变化。如:
orange (橘汁) →oranges (橘子) 。
4、“行行色色”的名词所有格,名词词尾加's的所有格。
. 一般情况在名词后加's。 例如:
that girl's coat is in the room. 那个女孩的衣服在房间里。
. 在以s结尾的名词(包括以s结尾的复数名词)后面,只加’。
today is september 10th, teachers' day.。
children's day is coming, i should buy something new for my son.
. 如果一个东西为两个人共同拥有,只在最后一个名词后面加's。例如:
they are john's and kate's rooms. how beautiful they are!
he is lily and lucy's father.
即学即练:用所给名词的适当形式填空。
1. how manysheep) are there on the hill?
2. there is somefood) in the basket.
3. the baby has only twotooth) now.
4. there are a lot ofchinese) in japan.
5. there are fivepeople) in his family.
6. let’s takephoto), ok?
7. i h**e lots oftomato) here.
8. theleaf) on the tree turn-yellow.
9. thechild) are playing games on the playground now.
10. theirdictionary) look new.
11. i see you h**e a few whitehair).
12. they arewoman) doctors.
13. can you give me some bottles of __orange), please?
14. there are manyfox) in the picture.
15. i would like some applejuice). i am very thirsty.
16. this is a man. (复数。
17. that is an apple. (复数。
18. there is a pen on the desk. (复数。
19. he is a good student. (复数。
20. she is a good teacher. (复数。
二、冠词:定冠词(the)、不定冠词(a, an)和零冠词(即名词前不用冠词),修饰名词。
1. 不定冠词a, an的用法,a用在辅音音素前,an用在元音音素前。例如:
a desk a chair, a cup;an apple, an orange, an egg, an hour等。
2. 定冠词the的用法:
在上面提到的人或事物之前,例如:there is a book on the desk. the book is mine.
2 用在乐器名词之前,例如:play the piano, play the violin等。
3. 不用定冠词的四项注意。
今天,我们从八个方面来学习一下哪些时候不用定冠词“the”。
定冠词不能用在节日、星期、日期、月份、季节前面。例如:
i go to school on the mondayi go to school on monday.(√
定冠词不用在三餐前,例如。
i want to h**e porridge for the supperi want to h**e porridge for supper. (
定冠词不用在球类名词前,例如。
i play the soccer every dayi play soccer every day. (
定冠词不与名词前有this, that, my, your, some, any等代词连用。例如:
this the pen is minethis pen is mine.(√
即学即练:用a, an, the或/填空。
1. it is __orange on the table.
2. i h**e __egg and some bread for __breakfast.
3. tom plays __piano every day.
4. -is this your __book? -no, it isn’t.
5. there are sixty minutes in __hour.
6. -look! here is a pen. is __pen yours? -oh, yes, it is mine. thank you!
7. school usually starts in __september.
8. it is always hot in __summer.
9. june first is __children’s day.
10. my birthday is inmay.
三、动词: 用于作句子的谓语。
动词分类:系动词(be动词)、情态动词、助动词、行为(实义)动词。
1. 系(be)动词:到目前为止我们学到的主要是be动词,包括am, is, are, was, were五个。
2. 情态动词。
情态动词没有人称和数的变化,它的后面必须接动词原形。
常见情态动词:can, must, may, would
情态动词的用法及主要句型:
a. -can i help youyes, please. /no, thank you.
b. -can + 主语 + 动词原形yes, 主语+can. /no, 主语+can’t.
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